Forging is a metal forming process which involves non-linear deformations. Finite element and finite volume software programs are commonly used to simulate the process. In these simulations, material properties are required. However, stress-strain relations of the materials at some elevated temperatures are not available in the material libraries of the related software programs. In this study, the stress-strain curves have been obtained by applying the Cook and Larke Simple Compression Test to AISI 1045 steel at several temperatures on a forging press with a capacity of 1000 tons. The stress-strain curves have also been determined by simulating the processes in a commercial finite element software. It is observed that experimental results are consistent with the numerical ones. A modular die set has been designed and manufactured to conduct the Cook and Larke Simple Compression Test. It has been shown that the forging press with data acquisition system can be used as a material testing equipment to obtain stress-strain curves.

Submitted by Programa de P?s-Gradua??o Engenharia El?trica (ppgee@ifpb.edu.br) on 2018-04-16T18:27:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 24- Ana Lucia Silva Souza Andrade - Ensaio Eletromagn?tico n?o Destrutivo para Detec??o de Anisotropia.pdf: 2990408 bytes, checksum: 9f4bfc33bac7c40bb4080622decc8f90 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alex Sandro R?go (alex@ifpb.edu.br) on 2018-04-16T18:28:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 24- Ana Lucia Silva Souza Andrade - Ensaio Eletromagn?tico n?o Destrutivo para Detec??o de Anisotropia.pdf: 2990408 bytes, checksum: 9f4bfc33bac7c40bb4080622decc8f90 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-16T18:28:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 24- Ana Lucia Silva Souza Andrade - Ensaio Eletromagn?tico n?o Destrutivo para Detec??o de Anisotropia.pdf: 2990408 bytes, checksum: 9f4bfc33bac7c40bb4080622decc8f90 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-12 / Capes / Os processos de fabrica??o convencionais causam deforma??o pl?stica que provocam anisotropia magn?tica do material. Isto torna importante encontrar a dire??o em que ? mais f?cil alinhar os dom?nios magn?ticos. Um maior entendimento da caracteriza??o dos materiais sobre o fen?meno de magnetiza??o em fun??o da dire??o permite que os engenheiros possam otimizar o volume total, a massa e o desempenho dos dispositivos de m?quinas el?tricas na ind?stria. Estas dire??es podem ser obtidas atrav?s de ensaios destrutivos como o m?todo do quadro Epstein e o de ?nica folha, que s?o medidos na regi?o de magnetiza??o de irreversibilidade dos movimentos dos dom?nios. No presente trabalho, amostras de a?o SAE 1045 laminado (formado por pela microestrutura perlita e de ferrita) s?o submetidas a um campo magn?tico induzido na regi?o de reversibilidade dos dom?nios magn?ticos, para detectar a dire??o f?cil magnetiza??o. Estes campos magn?ticos foram aplicadas a amostras circulares com diferentes espessuras e o ?ngulo de aplica??o variando entre 0 ? a 360 ? com passo de 45?. Uma amostra quadrada com uma espessura fixa tamb?m foi usada. Os resultados mostram que o sistema proposto ? um dispositivo promissor que pode ser aplicado para a avalia??o experimental de anisotropia magn?tica em a?os. A abordagem proposta ? considerada um ensaio n?o destrutivo e mostrou-se capaz de determinar a dire??es de f?cil magnetiza??o do a?o estudado, mesmo em amostras com diferentes geometrias. A regi?o estudada pertencia a de perdas de baixa indu??o e mostrou ser sens?vel para determina??o da anisotropia magn?tica, ao contr?rio de outros trabalham que somente relatam a detec??o de anisotropia magn?tica na regi?o de perdas de alta indu??o.

<p>The objective of this research was the further development and characterization of a heavy load, high temperature pin on disc tribometer. The goal of performing this testing on the tribometer is to simulate realistic machining conditions experienced between a tool and workpiece ‘offline’ in order to reduce the number of real machining trials used to select a tool coating and subsequently optimize cutting parameters. This approach is based on the understanding that a change in the cutting speed can alter the tool-chip interface temperature profile, which can change the coefficient of friction (COF) between the tool and workpiece and impact the tool wear mechanisms and rate. Significant modifications were introduced to the tribometer to increase its functionality; a resistance welder was integrated into the setup, and a completely new, fully automated Graphical User Interface was designed using National Instruments Labview software to allow for more careful control of all interacting components and variables. Careful investigations were carried out to understand the sensitivity of COF measurements to various input parameters in order to gain increased confidence in the meaning of COF measurements. Finally, various tool and workpiece material pairs were tested from room temperature to upwards of 900°C near the pin-disc interface and efforts were made to correlate the resulting COF measurements with machining data in the form of tool life and cutting force measurement. This research contributes towards the goals of improving machinability in two ways: first, by screening potential surface engineering treatments on the basis of reduced friction under machining relevant conditions of elevated contact stress and temperature; and secondly, by generating temperature-dependent friction data for different tool and workpiece material pairs that can be used to improve FE simulations of metal cutting.</p> / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

<p> Case hardening of steels is extensively used throughout general engineering to produce components with a hardened layer whilst retaining a tough core. This is usually accomplished using different sources of energy, e.g. flame and induction being the most common. In recent years, a new case hardening technology, named 'Grind-Hardening' has surfaced. In this method, the heat dissipated during grinding is utilized to induce martensitic phase transformation in the surface layer of a component. Therefore it is possible to incorporate grinding and surface hardening into a single operation to develop a cost-effective production method. The grinding process then becomes an integrated heat treatment process.</p> <p> In the present study on 'grind hardening', a numerical thermal model has been developed to compute the temperature distribution beneath the ground surface to predict the extent of surface hardening and the case depth. Grinding experiments were conducted in order to examine the influence of various process variables such as wheel depth of cut, feed speed, and wheel preparation. AISI 52100 and 1045 steels were used in this study to evaluate the behavior of plain and alloy steels during grind hardening. Effective case depth was measured using a Vickers hardness tester and was found to be over 0.5 mm for a target hardness of 513 Hv. Microstructure was analyzed using optical and scanning electron microscopes. The microstructure was observed to have fine martensitic laths which give rise to remarkable high hardness.</p> / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

The world of Cosmas. The image of political nation in the oldest Czech chronicle This work focuses on the image of the political nation in the oldest Czech chronicle - Chronica Boemorum (The Chronicle of Czechs) by Cosmas, "the first Czech historian" [Robert Bartlett, University of St Andrews: "Bohemia made a spectacular debut in this respect with Cosmas of Prague, whose vivid prose style, gifts of powerful characterization and ability to convey action, and the occasional personal touches he allows (such as the yearning picture of his long-gone student days) make him not only a vital historical source for the Premyslid lands but also one of the great writers of the Middle Ages. He initiated a tradition which continued, with peaks and plateaux, throughout the Premyslid period, and this was important, for a native historical tradition was one of the marks of a Latin Christian society."] Cosmas' Chronicle (The Chronicle of Czechs) is part of the context of "national history". Cosmas wrote a scholarly, entertaining, but also politically committed work, presenting a "national program" of sorts. This was no Czech specialty - when we think of Europe in the 11th and 12th century, we see a garden of sprouting new nations, the medieval "spring of nations". The first national states, with clear territorial...

Dans ce travail de thèse, une amélioration aussi bien à l’échelle globale qu’à l’échelle locale a été apportée sur la compréhension des mécanismes tribologiques aux interfaces outil-pièce-copeau durant l’usinage à sec de l’acier C45 avec des outils en carbure de tungstène revêtus en TIN. Dans une première partie expérimentale, des essais de frottement ont permis d’étudier la sensibilité des paramètres de frottement sur le comportement tribologique aux interfaces pion-pièce. Ainsi, l’évolution du coefficient de frottement, du flux de chaleur et du coefficient de partage de chaleur aux interfaces outil-pièce-copeau ont été identifiés pour le couple de matériau frottant et frotté. Pour mieux comprendre ces phénomènes, une étude métallographique a été effectuée sur des échantillons. Elle a notamment permis l’obtention des transformations métallurgiques au niveau de la surface superficielle de la pièce : des affinements des grains (déformation plastique) aux basses vitesses de frottement et des couches blanches (durcissement thermique) pour les grandes vitesses. Pour avoir plus de détails, un modèle numérique simulant l’essai de frottement a été développé en se basant sur l’approche Arbitraire Lagrangienne Eulérienne (A.L.E). Ce modèle nous a permis d’avoir plus d’informations sur les grandeurs locales de frottement (pression de contact, température de contact, vitesse locale de glissement, déformation plastique). Un modèle de frottement et un modèle de coefficient de partage de chaleur ont été identifiés à travers cette étude numérique. Dans la deuxième partie expérimentale, deux types d’essais d’usure ont été effectués dans des conditions similaires sur des pions et sur des plaquettes d’outils de coupe de même nuance. Des analyses microscopiques et au MEB couplés à une analyse EDS ont été faites afin de mieux analyser les mécanismes tribologiques durant les essais d’usure. Des similitudes de faciès d’usure ont été observées à différentes échelles d’analyse, sur les pions ainsi que sur les plaquettes d’outils de coupe. Ces similitudes ont permis d’aboutir à une corrélation des phénomènes tribologiques observés sur les pions et ceux observés sur les plaquettes. / In this work, improved both global and local levels has been made on understanding the tribological mechanisms at the chip-tool-workpiece interface in dry machining of a AISI 1045 steel with a TiN coated carbide tool. In the first part, several friction tests have been performed to study the sensitivity of friction parameters on the tribological behavior at pin-workpiece interface. Thus, evolutions of the apparent friction coefficient, of heat flux and of heat flux partition ratio have been identified. To better understand these phenomena, a metallographic study was performed on the samples of the workpiece.It has enabled the achievement of metallurgical transformations in terms of surface area of the room : the refinement of grains (plastic deformation) friction at low speeds and white layers (thermal curing)for high speeds. These results show that the initial state of the steel (ferritic-pearlitic microstructure) has been changed, In fact, two phenomena have been observed. The first phenomenon has been observed for low sliding velocities. In this range of the sliding velocities, the grains have been crushed because of the large plastic deformations. The second phenomenon has been observed by increasing the friction velocity. In fact, the white zones have been identified at the surface layer and which have presented a different structure compared to the initial state of the steel. A 3D A.L.E. numerical model, simulating the friction test, enables to extract local information from the contact area, especially the contact pressure, the contact temperature and the average local sliding velocity. An adhesive friction model and a heat partition coefficient model depending on average local sliding velocity have been identified. These friction models can be utilized in a FEM of the cutting process in order to improve the understanding of the material flow and temperature distribution around cutting tools. In the second part, pin wear in the friction tests and tool wear in machining tests have been performed. To compare the phenomena observed at the tool-chip interfaces during the wear tests in machining with the phenomena observed at the pin-workpiece during the wear tests of friction, similarities of faces have been observed at different scales of analysis on the pins and on the cutting tool inserts.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar o comportamento elasto-plástico em baixas deformações do fio máquina laminado em aço AISI 1045 destinado a trefilação e processos subsequentes de beneficiamento. Inicialmente, foi obtido material de quatro diferentes lotes de fabricação, sendo todas as amostras retiradas após a etapa de pré-endireitamento do processo de trefilação. O material foi caracterizado através de análise da composição química, metalográfica, determinação de tamanho de grão e segregação. Além disso, o comportamento elasto-plástico do material em ciclos de tração e compressão foi investigado, identificando-se o efeito Bauschinger para três diferentes temperaturas. Os modelos numéricos de Ramberg-Osgood e Ludwig-Hollomon foram utilizados para a definição de uma modelo numérico da curva para utilização em trabalhos futuros de simulação computacional. O modelo de Ludwig-Hollomon foi avaliado como mais satisfatório para baixas deformações e foi então utilizado para o cálculo da curva média de quatro lotes. A partir de curvas de escoamento de aço similar obtidas da literatura, foi possível obter-se uma extrapolação da curva para diferentes taxas de deformação, além da taxa de 0.05s-1, original dos ensaios: 1.6 s-1, 8 s-1, e 40 s-1. / The purpose of this work is to investigate the elastic-plastic behavior at low strains of steel rolled coil AISI 1045 intended for cold-drawing and subsequent processes. First, the material was withdrawn from four different manufacturing batches and all samples were taken from the pre-straightening process step. The material was characterized by means of chemical and metallography analysis, grain size and segregation. Furthermore, the elastic-plastic behavior in tension and compression cycles was investigated and the Bauschinger effect was identified for three different temperatures. The numerical models Ramberg-Osgood and Ludwig-Hollomon were the models used in this work to define the flow curve which can be used in future computer simulation works. The analysis showed that the Ludwig-Hollomon model is more adequate for low strains ranges. Ludwig-Hollomin was used to calculate the average flow curve based on the curves of the four batches. By using literature flow curves of similar steels, it was possible to make an extrapolation and to obtain flow curves at different strain rates beyond the experimental one: 1.6 s-1, 8 s-1, e 40 s-1.

Este trabalho objetiva fazer uma análise do processo de trefilação através do uso de simulação computacional e avaliar a influência de variáveis do processo como lubrificante (coeficiente de atrito) e ângulo de fieira, bem como, verificar a eficácia da simulação na previsão de força, de temperatura e das tensões residuais. Foi realizado um trabalho experimental que envolveu a determinação do coeficiente de atrito através do ensaio do anel e a determinação das curvas de escoamento que foram retiradas de amostras trefiladas de um processo real. Efetuaram-se os cálculos das tensões do processo usando dados de curvas de escoamento e equações da literatura, posteriormente realizaram-se simulações computacionais que foram comparadas aos resultados obtidos através dos cálculos. Também se usou, adicionalmente, a simulação otimizada para avaliar as tensões residuais a fim de averiguar estes resultados de tensões residuais, comparando-os com resultados experimentais obtidos via difração de nêutrons para as mesmas barras que foram extraídas do processo industrial. Observou-se que a curva de escoamento do material é determinante para a obtenção de resultados confiáveis. A simulação foi boa para a estimativa da força, mas ainda apresenta limitações quanto à previsão de tensões residuais. / This paper aims to analyze the drawing process using simulation and evaluate the influence of process variables such as lubricant (friction coefficient) and angle of die as well as verify the effectiveness of simulation to preview the drawing force, temperature and residual stresses. Experimental work was carried out involving the determination of friction coefficient by means of the ring test and determination of flow curves by compression tests. The calculations of the stress of the process using data from the flow curves and equations from the literature have been carried out. Later on the experimental results were compared to the simulated results. It was also used in addition, the optimized simulation to evaluate the residual stresses and the results were then compared with experimental results obtained by neutron diffraction for the same bars that were extracted from the industrial process. The results are very influenced by the flow stress curve chosen. The simulation was satisfactory for the estimation of the drawing force but must be improved for a better estimation of residual stresses.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar o comportamento elasto-plástico em baixas deformações do fio máquina laminado em aço AISI 1045 destinado a trefilação e processos subsequentes de beneficiamento. Inicialmente, foi obtido material de quatro diferentes lotes de fabricação, sendo todas as amostras retiradas após a etapa de pré-endireitamento do processo de trefilação. O material foi caracterizado através de análise da composição química, metalográfica, determinação de tamanho de grão e segregação. Além disso, o comportamento elasto-plástico do material em ciclos de tração e compressão foi investigado, identificando-se o efeito Bauschinger para três diferentes temperaturas. Os modelos numéricos de Ramberg-Osgood e Ludwig-Hollomon foram utilizados para a definição de uma modelo numérico da curva para utilização em trabalhos futuros de simulação computacional. O modelo de Ludwig-Hollomon foi avaliado como mais satisfatório para baixas deformações e foi então utilizado para o cálculo da curva média de quatro lotes. A partir de curvas de escoamento de aço similar obtidas da literatura, foi possível obter-se uma extrapolação da curva para diferentes taxas de deformação, além da taxa de 0.05s-1, original dos ensaios: 1.6 s-1, 8 s-1, e 40 s-1. / The purpose of this work is to investigate the elastic-plastic behavior at low strains of steel rolled coil AISI 1045 intended for cold-drawing and subsequent processes. First, the material was withdrawn from four different manufacturing batches and all samples were taken from the pre-straightening process step. The material was characterized by means of chemical and metallography analysis, grain size and segregation. Furthermore, the elastic-plastic behavior in tension and compression cycles was investigated and the Bauschinger effect was identified for three different temperatures. The numerical models Ramberg-Osgood and Ludwig-Hollomon were the models used in this work to define the flow curve which can be used in future computer simulation works. The analysis showed that the Ludwig-Hollomon model is more adequate for low strains ranges. Ludwig-Hollomin was used to calculate the average flow curve based on the curves of the four batches. By using literature flow curves of similar steels, it was possible to make an extrapolation and to obtain flow curves at different strain rates beyond the experimental one: 1.6 s-1, 8 s-1, e 40 s-1.

Orientador: Marcelo dos Santos Pereira / Banca: Humberto Lopes Rodrigues / Banca: Pedro Paulo de Campos / Resumo: Estudos de novos materiais, mais resistentes, econômicos e de menor densidade, são de grande interesse para aplicações estruturais em projetos de Engenharias. Propriedades mecânicas antes obtidas principalmente por meio de adição de elementos de ligas, como por exemplo elevada dureza, tenacidade e resistência mecânica, podem ser atingidas atualmente com variações no processamento térmico e termomecânico. Estas alterações têm proporcionado a formação de estruturas multifásicas nos aços, e como elemento deste estudo, os aços bifásicos. Neste trabalho, buscou-se entender os efeitos que processamentos térmicos possuem sobre as microestruturas dos aços de médio teor de carbono (SAE 1045), assim como a sua influência sobre as propriedades mecânicas, especialmente sobre a tenacidade, evidenciada por meio de ensaios de impacto. O material tratado termicamente obteve, sua estrutura transformada, visando à formação de estrutura bifásica (ferrita e martensita) e de estrutura formada por martensita revenida, sendo comparadas com a condição do material como fornecido (ferrita e perlita). A caracterização microestrutural foi realizada para determinação das fases presentes, assim como das frações volumétricas respectivas. Ensaios de tração e de impacto foram realizados visando a determinação das propriedades mecânicas do aço. Os resultados mostraram que a interação entre ferrita e martensita, gerada na condição bifásica, possue forte influência nos resultados referentes à tenacidade, assim como a temperatura em que o material foi ensaiado. Comparando-se três estruturas, comprova-se que a estrutura bifásica possui resistência mecânica e tenacidade mais elevadas que os aços temperados e revenidos, e tenacidade proxima a do aço com médio teor de carbono, sem tratamento térmico. / Abstract: Studies of new materials, more resistance, cheaper costs and lower density, have high interest for structural use in engineering projects. Mechanical properties adquired in the past by alloyes adition, for example igher hardness, toughness and mechanical strenght, nowadays can be reached using controlled thermo mechanical process. These changes have provided the multiphase structures formation in steels, for example the dual phase steel, subject of the present study. In this work it was researched the effects of heat process in microestructure of medium carbon steels (SAE 1045) and the influence over mechanical properties, specially in toughers, realized by impact analysis. The heat treatment material has its structure transformed in dual-phase structure (ferrite and martensite) and compared with supplied material (ferrite and perlite). The microestructural characterization was done to determine the present phase, and the respective volumetric fraction of martensite. Tension and impact analysis were done to determine the steel mechanical properties. Results have shown that the interaction between ferrite and martensite generated in dual-phase condition, has higher influence, related the materials toughness, so the temperature that material was analysed comparing the three structures, verifies that the dual-phase struture has level of mechanical resistence and toughness, higher than quenched and tempered steels, and toughness near of medium carbon steel that has not received heat treatment in higher or lower temperatures. / Mestre