The purpose of this study was to examine the socio-demographic and financial characteristics that were associated with the likelihood of a discharge among Chapter 12 bankruptcy filers in Utah, Idaho, and Wyoming. Previous bankruptcy studies conducted in Utah have looked at the same associations in Chapter 7 and Chapter 13. This study contains individual filer-level data from 158 Chapter 12 bankruptcy cases filed in Utah, Idaho, and Wyoming between 1997 and 2005. These cases were accessed through the Web-PACER system, a database of imaged court documents filed in district bankruptcy courts. Free access to this system was given by the Utah, Idaho, and Wyoming bankruptcy trustees to the researcher. The principal finding in this study is that filers with longer repayment plans and those that live in the states of Idaho and Wyoming are more likely to attain a discharge. The local legal culture of Idaho and Wyoming may promote plans that are more feasible and the debtors are more likely to reach a discharge. However, debtors in Utah are more likely to reach a discharge in a shorter time than those living in Idaho or Wyoming. Studies have found that debtors who started making payments were more likely to assure that their plans were successful. Discharge is the most common outcome for cases open for a number of years. Debtors who have reached a Chapter 12 confirmation are more likely to continue on a payment schedule and receive a discharge.

by E.R. Kretzmer. / Includes bibliographical references. / Army Signal Corps Contract no. W-36-039 sc-32037.

This thesis defines a novel role for the Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) tegument protein, virion protein (VP) 11/12 as a modulator of host cell signalling. Studies aimed at examining infection induced lymphocyte inactivation, revealed that VP11/12 is tyrosine phosphorylated in three lymphocyte lineages (T cell, B cell and NK cell) following exposure to HSV-1 or HSV-2 infected fibroblasts. Tyrosine phosphorylation of VP11/12 was greater in lymphocytes compared to fibroblasts or epithelial cells and phosphorylation was enhanced by the lymphocyte specific Src family kinase (SFK) Lck during transfection- or infection-based assays. This suggested that VP11/12 is a substrate of Lck or a kinase activated by Lck. Lck is best known for initiating intracellular signalling downstream of the T cell receptor (TCR) and NK cell receptors. However, VP11/12 null HSV mutants retained the ability to block TCR signalling and NK cell cytotoxicity. Phosphorylation of VP11/12 occurred in the absence of any known Lck stimulus, like TCR ligation. Infection alone may activate Lck since Lck in infected Jurkat cells displayed features characteristic of activation: a reduced electrophoretic mobility in sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel and a marked increase in phosphorylation at the activation loop tyrosine (Y394). SFK substrates sometimes activate their cognate kinase through high affinity binding of the SFK Src homology (SH) 2 or SH3 domains. VP11/12 may serve this dual function since it interacts with Lck or Lck signalling complexes and is strictly required for Lck activation during infection. SFKs including Lck lie upstream of the canonical phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway in signalling emanating from immune receptors, growth factor receptors and polyoma middle T antigen (MTAg). In HSV infection of Jurkat T cells and human embryonic lung fibroblasts, we find that VP11/12 interacts with PI3K either directly or indirectly and is required for infection induced activation of the PI3K-Akt signalling pathway. SFK activity is required for tyrosine phosphorylation of VP11/12, VP11/12-PI3K interactions, and Akt activation in infected fibroblasts. This data suggests that VP11/12 orchestrates signalling analogous to that of MTAg. In this model, VP11/12 activates SFKs to induce its own phosphorylation, subsequently allowing for interactions with PI3K and activation of Akt. / Virology

For the treatment of cancer, immunotherapy has some inherent advantages over other treatment modalities: disseminated disease can be eradicated due to the systemic nature of immunity, the immune system is effective against a wide range of targets, long-term memory can offer added protection against disease relapse, immunotherapy should be relatively non-toxic, and it can be synergistically combined with other treatment platforms such as radiation and chemotherapy. Type 1 immune responses are thought to be superior for the treatment of cancer and, as the quintessential Th1 polarizing cytokine, interleukin-12 (IL-12) holds much promise; however, optimal therapeutic protocols have yet to be developed and clinical results have fallen short of this promise. The in vivo IL-12 experiments described here highlight a characteristic of cellular therapy that has not previously been appreciated. That is, the effect of cell-mediated cytokine delivery on the immediate microenvironment and how that affects the immune response initiated. This observation has implications for the clinical application of IL-12 therapy but may also prove to be an important consideration when studying other immunostimulants. I have herein developed a novel in vitro assay system that I have used to dissect the cellular responses to IL-12 and to identify the signals that are required for activation of a cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4)+ effector population that affects leukaemia cell clearance both in vitro and in vivo. This work, and the future studies proposed, will expand our understanding of the potential of IL-12 immunotherapy and enhance our ability to manipulate therapeutic conditions to favour the desired response. Moreover, the in vitro assay system offers a method for further characterization of CD4+ effector cells and the development of protocols to initiate their potent anticancer activity.

The 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid reductases (OPRs) are enzymes of the octadecanoid pathway which converts linolenic acid to a phytohormone, jasmonic acid. Bioinformatics analysis of ESTs and genomic sequences from available private and public databases revealed that the maize genome encodes eight different OPR genes. This number of maize OPR genes has been independently confirmed by Southern blot analysis and by mapping of individual OPR genes to maize chromosomes using oat maize chromosome addition lines. Survey of massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS) assays revealed that transcripts of each OPR gene accumulate differentially in diverse organs of maize plants. This data suggested that individual OPR genes may have a distinct function in development. Similarly, RNA blot analysis revealed that distinct OPR genes are differentially regulated in response to stress hormones, wounding or pathogen infection. ZmOPR1 and ZmOPR2 appear to have important functions in defense responses to pathogens because they are transiently induced by salicylic acid (SA), chitooligosaccharides and by infection with Cochliobolus carbonum, Bipolaris maydis and Fusarium verticillioides and not by wounding. In contrast to these two genes, ZmOPR6 and ZmOPR7/8 are highly induced by wounding and treatments with wound-associated signaling molecules jasmonic acid, ethylene and abscisic acid. ZmOPR6 and ZmOPR7/8 are not induced by SA treatments or pathogen infections suggesting their specific involvement in wound-induced defense responses. Possible functions of specific OPR genes are discussed.

Karlsson. A (2015). Importance of spirituality and social support for quitting narcotics - Experiences of the12 step program. Bachelor thesis in Public Health science. Department of work- and public health science. The academy of health and working life. University of Gävle, Sweden. The aim of this study was to examine how individuals felt being off narcotics by using the twelve step program. By using qualitative directed content analysis and three research questions the aim of the study was answered. The research questions were: In what way does individuals experience that the twelve step program is helping them stop using narcotics? How is the social support perceived when it comes to stop using narcotics? How is the program's spiritual element perceived? The result showed that all five respondents felt that the twelve step program helped them to stay of drugs. They felt that the social support of drugs narcotics meetings was important to stay drug free but the five respondents experienced the programs spirituality different. The result showed that the twelve step program, with its social support during the drugs anonymous meetings, was working by helping drug abusers staying free from drugs. Keywords: Public health, 12 step program, interview, experience, narcotics anonymous

An important component in understanding the laser sintering process is knowledge of the thermal properties of the processed material. Thermal conductivity measurements of pure polyamide 12 and polyamide11 with multi-wall carbon nanotubes were conducted based on transient plane source technology using a Hot Disk® TPS500 conductivity measurement device. Polyamide powder was packed to three different densities in nitrogen at room temperature. Thermal diffusivity and conductivity were measured from 40°C to 170°C for both fresh powder and previously heated (“recycled”) powder. The fresh powder tests revealed that thermal conductivity increased linearly with temperature whereas for previously heated powder, more constant and higher thermal conductivity was observed as it formed a powder cake. Tests were also performed on fully dense polyamide 12 to establish a baseline. Polyamide 12 powder had a room-temperature thermal conductivity of approximately 0.1 W/mK which increased with temperature, whereas the bulk laser sintered polyamide 12 room-temperature value was 0.26 W/mK and generally decreased with increasing temperature. / text

Professional development is key to improved student and school success, however research in this field is relatively new and teacher learning is often lackluster. Additionally, alternative strategies are needed to address the unique professional development needs of experienced teachers. One possible strategy is classroom-embedded reciprocal coaching, such as that used in the National Science Foundation's GK-12 program, between experienced classroom teachers and graduate student scientists. Teachers were surveyed to determine if their participation in GK-12 provided a positive professional development experience. It was found that teachers benefited from this type of professional development with a perceived increase in their science content knowledge and an overall high level of satisfaction with the program. Interviews revealed common themes such as the teacher's viewpoint of whether this was professional development, the teachers' areas of learning, the reciprocal nature of the coaching relationship, and the prospect of sustainability. / text

Quando si parla di traduzione, si pensa spesso solo al risultato di un processo, valutato e analizzato come tale. Sembra ci si dimentichi del fatto che, prima di arrivare a quel risultato finale, il traduttore applica più o meno consapevolmente tutta quella serie di strumenti di analisi, critica, correzione, rilettura, riformulazione e modifica che rientrano nell’attività di revisione. A questa prima fase, di cui ogni traduttore fa esperienza nel lavorare alla propria traduzione, segue di norma una fase successiva in cui la traduzione è rivista da un’altra figura professionale della filiera editoriale (di solito, e auspicabilmente, un altro traduttore) e infine altre fasi ancora del processo di lavorazione e pubblicazione del testo tradotto. Oltre a essere un’attività cruciale di ogni attività di traduzione e processo editoriale, la revisione riveste anche un fondamentale ruolo didattico nella formazione dei traduttori. L’idea alla base di questo progetto di ricerca nasce dal bisogno di triangolare riflessioni e dati concreti sulla revisione provenienti dalla ricerca accademica, dalla pratica professionale e dall’esperienza didattico-formativa, in un triplice approccio che informa l’intero progetto, di cui si illustrano i principali obiettivi: • formulare una nuova e chiara definizione sommativa del termine “revisione” da potersi utilizzare nell’ambito della ricerca, della didattica e della prassi professionale; • fornire una panoramica tematica, critica e aggiornata sulla ricerca accademica e non-accademica in materia di revisione; • condurre un’indagine conoscitiva (tramite compilazione di questionari diversificati) sulla pratica professionale della revisione editoriale in Italia, allo scopo di raccogliere dati da traduttori e revisori, fornirne una lettura critica e quindi individuare peculiarità e criticità di questa fase del processo di lavorazione del libro tradotto; • presentare ipotesi di lavoro e suggerimenti su metodi e strumenti da applicare all’insegnamento della revisione in contesti didattici e formativi. / When speaking of translation, we often think of it as the end result of a process and we analyze and evaluate it as such. However we seem to forget that, before that final result is arrived at, the translator applies, more or less deliberately, all those tools of analysis, criticism, correction, re-reading, re-formulation and alteration that revision consists of. This first stage – which each translator goes through when working on his/her own translation (self-revision) – is usually followed by a second stage where the translation is revised by another professional figure in the publishing field (usually, and desirably, also a translator) and then by further stages of translation processing and publishing. As well as being a crucial stage of any translation work and publishing process, revision plays a fundamental didactic role in translator training. The idea behind this project arises from the need to triangulate insights and data on revision drawing from scholarly research, professional practice and training experience, and this three-pronged approach informs the whole project. In particular, the project aims at achieving the following four main objectives: • to formulate a new, straightforward and exhaustive definition of the term “revision” to be used in research and training contexts as well as in the professional world; • to provide a thematic, critical, and state-of-the-art overview of scholarly and non-scholarly research on revision; • to conduct a survey (by means of on-line, retrospective questionnaires) on all aspects of professional revision practice in Italy, aimed at collecting data from both translators and revisers, and therefore outlining specific and critical aspects of this stage of the publishing process; • to provide hints and suggestions on methods and tools to be applied to the teaching of revision both in didactic and training contexts.

The present dissertation aims at analyzing the construction of American adolescent culture through teen-targeted television series and the shift in perception that occurs as a consequence of the translation process. In light of the recent changes in television production and consumption modes, largely caused by new technologies, this project explores the evolution of Italian audiences, focusing on fansubbing (freely distributed amateur subtitles made by fans for fan consumption) and social viewing (the re-aggregation of television consumption based on social networks and dedicated platforms, rather than on physical presence). These phenomena are symptoms of a sort of ‘viewership 2.0’ and of a new type of active viewing, which calls for a revision of traditional AVT strategies. Using a framework that combines television studies, new media studies, and fandom studies with an approach to AVT based on Descriptive Translation Studies (Toury 1995), this dissertation analyzes the non-Anglophone audience’s growing need to participation in the global dialogue and appropriation process based on US scheduling and informed by the new paradigm of convergence culture, transmedia storytelling, and affective economics (Jenkins 2006 and 2007), as well as the constraints intrinsic to multimodal translation and the different types of linguistic and cultural adaptation performed through dubbing (which tends to be more domesticating; Venuti 1995) and fansubbing (typically more foreignizing). The study analyzes a selection of episodes from six of the most popular teen television series between 1990 and 2013, which has been divided into three ages based on the different modes of television consumption: top-down, pre-Internet consumption (Beverly Hills, 90210, 1990 – 2000), emergence of audience participation (Buffy the Vampire Slayer, 1997 – 2003; Dawson’s Creek, 1998 – 2003), age of convergence and Viewership 2.0 (Gossip Girl, 2007 – 2012; Glee, 2009 – present; The Big Bang Theory, 2007 - present).