In fishes, elopomorphs have a leptocephalous stage in the life cycle. Elopomorpha includes tenpounders (Elops), tarpons (Megalops), bonefishes (Albula), spine eels (Notacanthus), apodes and gulper eels. They are highly diversified in morphology and habitat utilization, Their monophyly is based on sharing of this larval stage. However, not all researches on these group accept the idea that this stage is of relationship. If this is true, the concept of elopomorpha must be re-evaluated. In attempt to elucidate their phylogenetic relationships, mtDNA 12S rRNA sequences were analyzed and data suggest that: (1)Elopomorpha is a monophyletic group. In other word, leptochphalous stage is a valid phylogenetic indictor, and it is not the result of convergency to environment; (2)Elops and Megalops share a common ancestor, and is a primitive group for Elopomorpha; (3)Megalops is the primitive lineage of Elopomorpha; (4)Albula and Notacanthus share a common ancestor, and they are the sister group of Anguilliformes; (5)Anguilliformes is a monophyletic group; (6)Muraenidae is a primitive group of Anguilliformes; (7)A high speciation rate might have taken place in Apodes within a short period of time; (8)Synaphobranchidae is a monophyletic group and it is the primitive group of Congroidei. (10) Synaphobranchid species have short interspecific genetic distance among species.

This thesis deals with selection and verification of suitable mitochondrial markers for species identification of Cepaea molluscs. Optimisation of genomic DNA extraction method, PCR amplification using the 12S and 16S mitochondrial markers and automated sequencing of PCR products were performed. Data was evaluated using SeqScape Software v2.7, Sequence Scanner Software v1.0, MEGA7 programs and BLAST database. The aim of this thesis is to determinate whether the mitochondrial markers 12S and 16S are suitable for DNA barcoding of Cepaea.

No description available.

ssp-1 is a seed storage protein mutant which is deficient in one of the major seed storage proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana, the 12S cruciferins. To determine if this mutant can drive a higher level expression of a transgene than that found in wild type, the mutant was transformed with the phytohemagglutinin (PHA) gene and single copy PHA homozygotes were identified. These PHA transformants were crossed to wild type so that each PHA gene would be in the same copy number and chromosomal context in a wild type background. Immunoblotting was employed to compare the PHA levels of the single copy transformants in both genetic backgrounds. PHA levels ranged from 4.52% to 7.7% of the total protein in transformants. Two of the transformants showed 30.33% and 44.18% more PHA than that of their backcross. Therefore, a mutant such as ssp-1 may provide a means for overexpression of foreign proteins.

ssp-1 is a seed storage protein mutant which is deficient in one of the major seed storage proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana, the 12S cruciferins. To determine if this mutant can drive a higher level expression of a transgene than that found in wild type, the mutant was transformed with the phytohemagglutinin (PHA) gene and single copy PHA homozygotes were identified. These PHA transformants were crossed to wild type so that each PHA gene would be in the same copy number and chromosomal context in a wild type background. Immunoblotting was employed to compare the PHA levels of the single copy transformants in both genetic backgrounds. PHA levels ranged from 4.52% to 7.7% of the total protein in transformants. Two of the transformants showed 30.33% and 44.18% more PHA than that of their backcross. Therefore, a mutant such as ssp-1 may provide a means for overexpression of foreign proteins.

Genetic diversity is a fundamental attribute that contributes to a species evolutionary survival. In recent times, conservation managers have recognized the need to preserve genetic diversity of declining species, and have also acknowledged the utility of genetic markers for describing genetic and ecological relationships within and among populations. Information obtained from genetic studies can be used in conjunction with information on population demography, land use patterns and habitat distribution to develop effective management strategies for the conservation of species in decline. The wallum froglet, Crinia tinnula, is one of Australia's smallest habitat specialist anurans. In recent years there has been a dramatic decrease in population numbers of this species. The habitat to which C.tinnula is endemic ('wallum' habitat) is restricted to low coastal plains along the southeast Queensland and northern New South Wales coastline. As human populations in this region expanded, the coastal areas have undergone significant development and large areas of wallum habitat have been cleared. The effect has been to convert once largely continuous patches of coastal heathland in to a matrix of small habitat patches within an area undergoing rapid urban expansion. This study aimed to document levels and patterns of genetic diversity and to define the population structure of C.tinnula populations within southeast Queensland, with the objective of defining possible conservation management units for this species. Results from 12S and COI mitochondrial markers clearly showed that two distinct evolutionary lineages of C.tinnula are present within southeast Queensland. The high level of divergence between lineages and strict geographic partitioning suggests long term isolation of C.tinnula populations. It is hypothesized that ancestral C.tinnula populations were once confined to wallum habitat refugia during the Pliocene resulting in phylogeographic delineation of 'northern' and 'southern' C.tinnula clades. Populations within each geographic region show evidence of range contraction and expansion, with subsequent restricted gene flow. Levels of genetic diversity appear, largely, to be the product of historical associations rather than contemporary gene flow. A revision of the current systematics of C.tinnula is required to ensure that discrete population groups are recognized as distinct evolutionary lineages and will therefore be protected accordingly.

No description available.

Innerhalb der Arthropodensystematik sind die phylogenetischen Beziehungen der höheren Crustaceataxa seit langem von besonderen Interesse. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Rekonstruktion der phylogenetischen Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse mit Hilfe molekularer Datensätze für die Phyllopoda, die zusammen mit den Anostraca die Branchiopoda bilden und der Astacoidea (Astacida), einer Teilgruppe der Flusskrebse. Folgende molekulare Marker kamen zum Einsatz: 1) Für die Phyllopoda: Die 3. Domäne der mitochondrial codierten 12S rRNA, unter Berücksichtigung von Sekundärtrukturinformationen, das nukleare Gen EF-1 alpha und die Positionen von Introns im Gen EF-1 alpha. 2) Für die Astacoidea: Die 3. Domäne der 12S rRNA und das mitochondrial codierte Gen cox1. Durch die Wahl der molekularen Marker, die mit unterschiedlichen computerkladistischen Methoden ausgewertet wurden, konnten für die meisten Fragen eine eindeutige und im Fall der Astacoidea überraschende phylogenetische Aussage getroffen werden. Die gewonnenen Hypothesen werden ausführlich im Licht morphologischer Hypothesen diskutiert. / The phylogenetic relationships of the higher arthropod taxa are still of special interest. Especially the interrelationships of the different Crustacea taxa have long been debated. The focus of this investigation is to make a contribution to the phylogenies of two Crustacea taxa using molecular markers: The Phyllopoda which belong together with the Anostraca to the branchiopods, and of the Astacoidea, one of the two higher crayfish taxa (Astacida). The following molecular markers were used: 1) Phyllopoda: the 3rd domain of the mitochondrial encoded 12S rRNA taking into account informations of the secondary structure, the nuclear encoded proteingene EF-1 alpha and the positions of introns found in the coding region of EF-1 alpha. 2) Astacoidea: the 3rd domain of the 12S rRNA and the mitochondrial encoded proteingene cox1. The choice of the mentioned markers in combination with different computercladistical methods allowed to give a satisfying, and in the case of the Astacoidea a more surprising answer to most addressed phylogenetic questions. The gained hypotheses are then discussed in detail in the light of morphological features and hypotheses.

Les Lémuriformes utilisés dans cette étude comprennent des représentants de la plupart des genres de Lemuridae (Eulemur, Hapalemur, Varecia), d'Indriidae (Indri, Propithecus, Avahi), de Lepilemuridae, de Cheirogaleidae (Cheirogaleus, Microcebus, Mirza), de Daubentonia. Un sub fossile (Megaladapis edwardsi) est également inclus dans l'analyser, ainsi que deux espèces de Tupaia. Les reconstructions phylogénétiques sont effectuées à partir, soit d'un fragment de 357 bp issu du cytochrome b, soit à partir d'un fragment de 393 bp du 12S rRNA, soit à partir d'une combinaison des deux fragments précédents, en utilisant différentes méthodes (Neighbor-Joining, Maximum Likelihood, Maximum Parsimony, Parsimony Ratchet, Quarter Puzzeling). Ces reconstructions sont comparées par des tests LTR (Likelihood Test Ratio) et des tests 'quatre clusters'. L'arbre phylogénétique les plus 'crédible' est alors: ((Cheirogaleidae, (Indriidae, (Lepilemuridae, Megaladapis)), ((Eulemur, Hapalemur), Varecia)), (Daubentonia, Tupaia)) L'association trouvée entre Daubentonia et Tupaia peut indiquer l'existence de deux colonisations distinctes de Madagascar par les Lemuriformes, l'une ayant donné naissance à la lignée des Daubentonia et l'autre à l'ensemble des autres Strepsirhini malgaches. Le sub fossile Megaladapis edwardsi se trouve groupé avec les Lepilemuridae et cet ensemble apparaît comme le cluster frère de celui formé par les Indriidae. Il a également été possible de montrer que les différentes séquences étudiées évoluaient sous des horloges moléculaires locales. Enfin les dates de divergence des principaux groupes ont pu être déterminées. La séparation la plus ancienne (voisine de 60 millions d'années) est trouvée pour la divergence entre Daubentonia et Tupaia; alors que la plus récente (voisine de 11 millions d'années) est celle impliquant le Megaladapis et les Lepilemuridae. Pour les autres groupes les dates de divergence se répartissent entre 48 et 29 millions d'années.

A subset of 199 Melissotarsus insularis and 130 Diaspididae specimens were analyzed to 1) determine the species status of M. insularis and 2) to explore the relative intimacy of the relationship between M. insularis and Diaspididae. An analysis of molecular variance and the observed lack of association between clades and distinct habitats on the M. insularis phylogeny suggested that while M. insularis exhibits isolation by distance, it does not apparently diversify by habitat. When cryptic COI pseudogenes were accounted for, the majority of the genetic diversity exhibited by M. insularis was limited to a divergence of 3% or less suggesting that M. insularis represents a single, albeit broadly distributed, species. A cophylogenetic reconstruction of the relationship between M. insularis and Diaspididae yielded 14 “cospeciation” events but was not significant unlike reconstructions of host-parasite relationships. Analyses of reduced datasets suggested that incomplete taxon sampling may significantly affect cophylogenetic reconstruction results. / National Science Foundation (grants No. DEB-0072713, DEB-0344731 to BLF and DEB-0842395 to BLF and MAS), a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant to MAS and a Leaders Opportunity Fund grant from the Canada Foundation for Innovation to MAS