This research assessed the value chain of gum and resins, which are available in four woreda in the southern lowlands of Ethiopia. They are Moyale Somali, Moyale Oromia, Dhas and Dire woreda. The output of this research is the elaboration of three value chains. The first is a general one for all the woreda, while the other two concern the Moyale and Dubluk markets. The assessed products are the gum arabic from Acacia trees and the resin exuded by the dunkhal tree - Boswellia family. The aim of this study was not only to understand the way in which resins and gum gain value through the chain and the profit each stakeholder gains, but more importantly how pastoralists use resin and gum collection to diversify their income. The first chapter analyses what it means to be a pastoralist in the Moyale area and its challenges. The second chapter describes how the policies of the central state influenced the pastoral access to rangelands and water and the way in which this contributed to the increase of conflict among the different groups. A particular focus is on the settlement. The third chapter describes the different ethnic groups living in the studied area and their management system to preserve resources and cope with the dry season. This chapter considers the dynamic evolution of the relations among the various groups in terms of negotiating access to resources while facing political and climatic challenges. The fourth chapter illustrates the physical context and the environment, and the way in which it has been managed in order to preserve the pastoral lifestyle. The fifth chapter describes the characteristics of gum and resins in the studied area. Finally, the sixth chapter describes how the value chain methodology was applied in this specific study and its outputs.

A 30 anni dalla Dichiarazione di Alma Ata, l'Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità, sia nei lavori della Commissione sui Determinanti Sociali della Salute che nel corso della sua 62^ Assemblea (2009) ha posto nuovamente la sua attenzione al tema dei determinanti sociali della salute e allo sviluppo di una sanità secondo un approccio "Primary Health Care", in cui la partecipazione ai processi decisionali è uno dei fattori che possono incidere sull'equità in salute tra e nelle nazioni. Dopo una presentazione dei principali elementi e concetti teorici di riferimento della tesi: Determinanti Sociali della Salute, partecipazione ed empowerment partecipativo (Cap. 1 e 2), il lavoro di tesi, a seguito dell'attività di ricerca di campo svolta in Zambia (Lusaka, Kitwe e Ndola) e presso EuropeAid (Bruxelles), si concentra sui processi di sviluppo e riforma del settore sanitario (Cap. 3), sulle politiche di cooperazione internazionale (Cap.4) e sull'azione (spesso sperimentale) della società civile in Zambia, considerando (Cap. 5): le principali criticità e limiti della/alla partecipazione, la presenza di strumenti e strategie specifiche di empowerment partecipativo, le politiche di decentramento e accountability, le buone prassi e proposte emergenti dalla società civile, le linee e i ruoli assunti dai donatori internazionali e dal Governo dello Zambia. Con questa tesi di dottorato si è voluto evidenziare e interpretare sia il dibattito recente rispetto alla partecipazione nel settore sanitario che i diversi e contraddittori gradi di attenzione alla partecipazione delle politiche di sviluppo del settore sanitario e l'emergere delle istanze e pratiche della società civile. Tutto questo incide su spazi e forme di partecipazione alla governance e ai processi decisionali nel settore sanitario, che influenzano a loro volta le politiche e condizioni di equità in salute. La metodologia adottata è stata di tipo qualitativo articolata in osservazione, interviste, analisi bibliografica e documentale. / 30 years after the Declaration of Alma Ata, the World Health Organization has given the attention on social determinants of health and on the development of healthcare according to “Primary Health Care” approach, both during working session of the Commission about Social Determinants of Health and during its 62nd Meeting (2009), where the participation to decisional process is an aspect that can affect the equity of health among and within nations. Starting from this framework the thesis, after a presentation of principal elements and theoretical concept - Social Determinants of Health, participation and participatory empowerment (Chapt. 1 and 2) -, focuses on: development and reform processes of health care service (Chapt. 3); international cooperation politics (Chapt. 4) and action (often experimental) of civil society in Zambia, considering (Chapt. 5) the main critical issues and limits of participation; the presence of instruments and specific participative empowerment strategies; decentralization and accountability politics; good practice and emerging suggestions from civil society; the broad outlines and functions of international donors and the Government of Zambia. This doctoral thesis aims at highlighting and interpreting both the recent debate regarding participation in health sector and different and contradictory level of attention to participation in development politics of health sector and the emerging of issues and practices of civil society. All this affects spaces and participation forms of governance and also decisional processes in health sector, which influence politics and health equity conditions themselves. The thesis has benefited from some periods of fieldwork carried out in Zambia (Lusaka, Kitwe and Ndola, in the Copperbelt region) besides to a research period EuropeAid Offices in Brussels. The methodology used has been articulated in observation, interviews, bibliographic and documents analysis.

Riconoscendo l’importanza delle traduzioni all’interno della cosiddetta repubblica democratica dell’infanzia, il lavoro analizza le prime traduzioni tedesche e italiane del classico della letteratura per l’infanzia I ragazzi della Via Pál di Ferenc Molnár, al fine di metterne in luce i processi non solo prettamente traduttivi, ma anche più ampiamente culturali, che hanno influenzato la prima ricezione del romanzo in due contesti linguistici spesso legati per tradizione storico-letteraria alla letteratura ungherese. Rispettando la descrizione ormai comunemente accettata della letteratura per ragazzi come luogo di interazione tra più sistemi – principalmente quello letterario, quello pedagogico e quello sociale –, il lavoro ricostruisce innanzitutto le dinamiche proprie dei periodi storici di interesse, focalizzando l’attenzione sulla discussione circa l’educazione patriottica e militare del bambino. In relazione a questa tematica si approfondisce l’aspetto della “leggerezza” nell’opera di Molnár, ricostruendo attraverso le recensioni del tempo la prima ricezione del romanzo in Ungheria e presentando i temi del patriottismo e del gioco alla guerra in dialogo con le caratteristiche linguistico-formali del romanzo. I risultati raggiunti – una relativizzazione dell’intento prettamente pedagogico a vantaggio di una visione critica della società e del militarismo a tutti i costi – vengono messi alla prova delle traduzioni. L’analisi critica si basa su un esame degli elementi paratestuali, sull’individuazione di processi di neutralizzazione dell’alterità culturale e infine sull’esame delle isotopie del “gioco alla guerra” e dei “simboli della patria”. Si mostra come, pur senza un intervento censorio o manipolazioni sensibili al testo, molte traduzioni italiane accentuano l’aspetto patriottico e militaresco in chiave pedagogica. Soprattutto in Italia, il romanzo viene uniformato così al contesto letterario ed educativo dell’epoca, mentre in area tedesca la ricezione nell’ambito della letteratura per ragazzi sembra aprire al genere del romanzo delle bande. / Recognizing the importance of translations in the “democratic republic of childhood”, I analyse the first German and Italian translations of the children’s literature classic The Paul Street Boys, by Ferenc Molnár, in order to enlighten the translational and cultural processes which influenced the first reception of the novel into two linguistic contexts that for different reasons have been traditionally tied to the Hungarian literature. Research today agrees in considering children’s literature as a place where several systems interact: the literary, the pedagogical and the social. Thus, the work reconstructs first of all the dynamics of the historical periods in which the translations have been done, focusing on the discussion regarding children’s education, patriotism and war. Referring to these themes, I consider the character of “lightness” in Molnár’s work, reconstructing through contemporary reviews the first reception of the novel in Hungary and proposing an analysis of the novel, through which patriotism and war are presented in dialogue with its linguistic-formal characteristics. The results – a reduction of the mainly pedagogical aim in favour of a critical view of the society and its militarism – are then compared with the translations. In the critical analysis of the translations I consider first of all the paratextual elements, then the processes of neutralisation of foreignness and finally an exam of two main isotopies: “playing the war” and “symbols of the homeland”. The analysis shows how some Italian translations amplify the military and patriotic character of the novel, although they don’t operate with censorship or significant modifications of the source text. In particular in Italy, the novel is integrated in the literary and pedagogical system of the target language, whereas the German area seems to be opened to a new literary genre of children’s literature, the “gang-novel”.

Universiẗat, Diss., 1991--Paderborn.

Th.--Sci. phys.--Lille 1, 1977. / Extr. en partie de Molecular physics, 31, 1976, 2, 325-346.

L’atteinte prévisible des limites de la loi de Moore dans les dix prochaines années poussent les concepteurs de systèmes de communication à intégrer le maximum de fonctionnalités dans des modules 3D de plus en plus petits, incluant des capteurs, de l’intelligence embarquée, des modules radio avec leurs antennes,(Approche More than Moore). On passe donc du concept de SoC (System-on-Chip) au concept de SiP (System-in-Package) pouvant intégrer des SoC mais offrant d’autres fonctionnalités au niveau de la perception de l’environnement, de la communication, de la reconfigurabilité et de la possibilité d’auto-organisation en réseau ad-hoc, tout en minimisant le volume et la consommation énergétique.C’est dans ce contexte que s’inscrivent ces travaux de thèse, qui présentent cette technologie d’intégration hétérogène (System-In-Package) miniature, faible coût associant des MEMS RF à des circuits MMIC actifs et des antennes intelligentes pour établir des communications robustes en gamme millimétrique. Pour cela, nous proposons, par le projet SIPCOM, la réalisation et le test d’un module radio ultra compact et performant en gamme millimétrique grâce à une l’approche d’« intégration hétérogène ». Ce module intégrera toutes les fonctions nécessaires pour la réalisation d’un émetteur 60 GHz : le réseau d’antennes, les déphaseurs à base de MEMS pour assurer l’agilité du faisceau, le convertisseur DC/DC pour alimenter les MEMS, un FPGA (du commerce) pour commander la reconfigurabilité du module radio et les circuits mise en veille/réveil du module pour une consommation minimale. Dans ce contexte, ces travaux de thèse visent à développer la technologie de mise en boitier et les interconnexions et transitions verticales. Au cours de ce manuscrit, nous proposons une nouvelle approche de transitions verticales, les TSCV (Through Silicon Coaxial Vias). Transition verticale basée sur le modèle coaxial, utilisant du benzocyclobuitène (BCB) en guise de matériau diélectrique, son étude, son développement, et l’évolution de la structure sont présentés. Du fait de sa nature, cette transition coaxiale offre tous les avantages à la mise en boitier à haute densité d’intégration, avec une totale isolation électromagnétique par rapport au substrat, et donc une totale indépendance quant à la nature du substrat, un rayonnement électromagnétique parasites ultra faible et, par les propriétés du BCB, des pertes électromagnétiques ultra faibles en bande millimétrique. Nous détaillons également le procédé e réalisation technologique et son évolution, qui permet la fabrication et le test de ces structures. / Achieving predictable limits of Moore's Law over the next ten years, communication systems designers try to integrate a maximum of functionality into smaller and smaller 3D modules, including sensors, embedded intelligence, radio modules with their antenna (Approach More than Moore). So we go from the concept of SoC (System-on-Chip) to the concept of SiP (System-in-Package) that can integrate SoC but offering more features concerning the environmental perception, communication, reconfigurability and the possibility of self-organization in ad-hoc network, while minimizing the volume and energy consumption. This thesis was performed in this context and presents this heterogeneous integration technology (System-in-Package), miniature, low cost RF MEMS, combining MMIC circuits and smart antennas to establish communications in millimeter range. For this, by SIPCOM project, we propose the realization of an ultra compact radio module and efficient testing in millimeter range thank to “heterogeneous integration” approach. This module will integrate all the functions necessary for the implementation of a 60 GHz transmitter: network antennas, phase shifters based on MEMS to ensure the agility of the beam, the DC / DC converter to power the MEMS, an FPGA (trade) to control the reconfigurability of the radio module and circuit standby / alarm module for minimum consumption. In this context, the thesis aims to develop technology in packaging and interconnexions and vertical transitions.In this manuscript, we propose a new approach to vertical transitions, the TSCV (Through Silicon Coaxial Vias).Vertical transition based on the coaxial model, using benzocyclobutène (BCB) as a dielectric material, the study, development, and evolution of the structure are presented. Because of its nature, this coaxial transition offers all the advantages in packaging with high integration density, with a total electromagnetic isolation from the substrate, and thus completely independent of the nature of the substrate, an ultra low parasitic electromagnetic radiation, and by properties of the BCB, ultra low electromagnetic losses in the millimeter band. We also detail the process e technological achievement and its evolution, allowing the manufacture and testing of these structures.

Indigenous ways of living are typically described as being harmonious with—if not instrumental for—the protection of the environment. This dissertation moves from the quite different evidence that the protection of biodiversity may encroach on indigenous rights. More specifically, the legal regime of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) establishes obligations for its Parties whose interpretation and/or implementation may lead to the violation of indigenous rights. In this context, this research identifies potential conflicts between the obligations incumbent on CBD Parties pursuant to the CBD and its Nagoya Protocol on access and benefit-sharing (ABS) and those stemming from human rights treaties and protecting indigenous rights. This thesis also develops an interpretative approach aiming to prevent or solve conflicts failing the applicability of hierarchy, lex specialis, or lex posterior rules to the relationship between indigenous rights and the protection of biodiversity. This dissertation argues that systemic interpretation offers a valuable interpretative tool to incorporate the rights of indigenous peoples into the CBD regime. Beyond substantive and procedural indigenous rights, another applicable rule between CBD Parties is the principle of self-determination, which this thesis derives from a teleological interpretation of indigenous rights. The dissertation concludes that conflicts between indigenous rights and obligations established in the CBD regime cannot be solved in the abstract but rather need a case-bycase approach. Evidence from two thematic case studies—one on ABS and the other on conservation—shows that indigenous rights and self-determination allow interpreters both to choose between competing interpretations of the CBD regime and to privilege those interpretations that do not threaten the cultural distinctiveness of indigenous peoples. Successful examples of applying this interpretative approach in the thesis concern issues such as the ownership of genetic resources, the notion of traditional knowledge, and the articulation of concrete forms of participation in the application of CBD-related obligations. These findings have a broader significance for the debate on human rights and the environment, the interplay between self-determination and permanent sovereignty over natural resources, as well as for the harmonization of specialized regimes with the rights of indigenous peoples.

Regulating indirect expropriation in international investment law is a challenging task for investment tribunals. No universally agreed definition of the concept exists and international investment treaties (IITs) provide a defective legal framework––paralleled to that of expropriation tout court––to govern the issue. This work contributes to the discourse on indirect expropriation in international investment law by elaborating upon existing literature and scholarship and by examining judicial and arbitral decisions. It suggests an alternative interpretative framework useful to the analysis and decision of international expropriatory cases. To this end, the research adopts an inductive methodology. In light of the decisions of several international fora, the study examines the concept of property (Chapter IV), the concept of taking (Chapter V), the lawfulness or unlawfulness of expropriation (Chapter VI) and the concept of public purpose (Chapter VII) which are deemed as the constitutive elements of the customary international law definition of expropriation to which the concept of indirect expropriation is paralleled in international treaty-law (and practice). The study begins with the analysis of the German and the American domestic experiences on takings in view of the influence that such constitutional and administrative systems have exerted on the development of international criteria and standards for deciding ‘international taking issues’. It is here argued that a comparative approach to indirect takings issues may shed light on current interpretative obstacles faced by arbitral tribunals, chief of which is the lack of an international consensus about the function of property at the international level. A reconceptualization of indirect expropriation as unlawful de facto expropriation is advocated as a prospect for future developments. The adjective indirect is deemed superfluous and it is claimed that non-expropriatory interferences with property rights are to be sanctioned by means of other substantive standards of protection. Such reconceptualization aims at removing trivial categories and misleading labels thus far employed to describe indirectly expropriatory measures and suggests to focus on the actual variables at stake––compensable expropriation vis-à-vis non-compensable regulation by the host State. In addition, a degree of deference to host States is also advised for, to the extent that provisions in IITs are stipulated in a more specific manner that duly defines legitimate regulatory purposes and takes into account the consequences of a State’s unlawful conducts. This would reduce adjudicators’ discretion in the exercise of their interpretative powers. This study cannot and aims not at answering the question concerning where to draw a dividing line between regulation and compensable (indirect) expropriation. This is deemed to remain a case-by-case decision of investment tribunals. Rather, by drawing from both international and national models, the proposed interpretative framework would reconcile or guide arbitral approaches to takings issues towards the development of an intelligible legal methodology.

This thesis lies at the junction of migration control and refugee protection. As asylum is a migration-related matter, it can be difficult for States to dissociate it from the fight against irregular immigration. Asylum, as a measure for protecting refugees and other persons in need of international protection, may thus easily come into conflict with policies and practices derived from strict border control considerations. This thesis concentrates upon this tension and aims, primarily, to investigate - with a specific focus on the European Union (EU) geographical context - whether the implementation of bilateral agreements linked to the readmission of irregular migrants can hamper refugees’ access to protection, understood here as the combination of the right to non-refoulement and an individual’s right to have access to asylum procedures and effective remedies before return. The material content and the normative scope of these protection standards is thus analysed through the lens of international refugee and human rights law and in respect of the traditional rules of treaty interpretation. The central objective of this thesis is to develop the concept of agreements linked to readmission by broadening – to my knowledge, for the first time - the scope of legal analysis to the multifaceted framework of bilateral cooperation arrangements connected to the readmission of irregular migrants from the EU to third countries of origin or transit. This encompasses written accords employed to facilitate the forced return of undocumented migrants from the territory of an EU Member State (standard readmission agreements and diplomatic assurances on the fair and humane treatment of the deportee, especially if formalized within MoUs), and those agreements for technical and police cooperation that are de facto utilized by EU Member States to divert migrants back to the ports of departure before they arrive to the destination country. In order to fully understand the real impact of bilateral agreements linked to readmission on refugee rights, it is necessary to acknowledge that the study of legal texts alone will not suffice in gaining a sufficiently comprehensive approach. Rather, equal attention has also to be accorded to the implementation of the law, and, as a result, a number of case studies have been incorporated as an integral element of the methodological framework. This thesis concludes that the text of agreements linked to readmission does not seem to raise per se issues of incompatibility with core refugee rights. However, in situations of informal border controls, massive arrivals, public emergency, and pre-arrival maritime interceptions, the enforcement of these bilateral agreements can de facto hamper refugees’ access to protection. Therefore, this thesis will make a number of recommendations as a platform for further discussion among legal scholars and policy-makers.

The acknowledgment that the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and the Committee of Ministers are flooded with repetitive cases has brought increasing attention to the issue of full and timely execution of the Court’s judgments. Efforts have been made to render the system of supervision of the execution more transparent, independent, and participatory. The involvement of actors other than the intergovernmental Committee of Ministers appears particularly significant. This dissertation focuses on specific entities that, while somewhat neglected in the literature, would seem to be ideally situated to promote the execution of ECtHR judgments – i.e., National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs), which are commonly portrayed as “bridges” between the State and civil society, and between the national and international levels. The dissertation provides a comprehensive examination of the current level of engagement by NHRIs with the Committee of Ministers for furthering the execution of ECtHR judgments. Participating NHRIs have generally provided detailed information on the state of legislation, administrative practice, and case-law in their respective countries, and they have proposed measures to prevent future human rights violations. Nonetheless, the findings show that a relatively low number of NHRIs have submitted communications to the Committee of Ministers to date and that the impact of these communications on the actions undertaken by States and the decisions adopted by the Committee of Ministers is often difficult to assess. The activities carried out by NHRIs at the domestic level to encourage the execution of ECtHR judgments are also systematically identified with a view to illustrating the multifarious ways in which NHRIs can contribute to the execution process. On the basis of these findings, the dissertation highlights and accounts for the unfulfilled potential of NHRIs in promoting the execution of ECtHR judgments; it further puts forward proposals to strengthen the involvement of NHRIs in the process.