The overall objective of the work described in this thesis was to characterise the three genes Hv14.3.3c, HvMAPKK1 and HvFKBP41, in terms of a role in defence and stress response signalling. These genes had previously been found to be differentially expressed in compatible versus incompatible interactions of barley with the fungus Rhynchosporium secalis, suggesting a possible role in the plant defence response, while current literature suggests these genes may also play a role in signal transduction, possibly under a broad range of stresses, including abiotic as well as biotic. Two main approaches were undertaken to characterise gene function: expression analysis and the identification of protein-protein interactions. To facilitate expression analysis, full length cDNA fragments of each gene were first obtained using bioinformatics, RACE and genomic walking techniques. Expression was then investigated using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. The results of the expression analysis confirmed that the candidate genes were in fact differentially expressed during infection, suggesting a role in the defence response of barley against R. secalis. Analysing their expression in the context of other stresses and treatments, namely frost, drought and ABA, indicated their role may not be limited only to biotic stress, but include abiotic stress as well. To investigate the possibility that these genes are involved in signalling during the defence response, protein-protein interaction techniques such as yeast two-hybrid and affinity pulldowns were used to identify interacting proteins in an attempt to place the genes within a known signalling network and build and extend on these networks. Y2H screening was used successfully to identify two putative interactors of Hv14.3.3c; an EPSP (5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate) synthase and a putative wound-induced protein, and two interactors of HvFKBP41; a Rab-type GTPase and the same wound-induced protein. From what is known about the function of these genes in the literature, they fit well with a role in stress response signalling and the potential to be involved in signalling networks with the candidate gene products and also with each other. Through the trial of many different affinity pulldown techniques, a method for identifying interacting proteins from plant extracts was successfully established, however, issues with protein identification meant that interacting proteins were not identified using this technique. Steps were then made towards confirming the interactions identified using the Y2H system. Full length cDNA sequences of the identified interactors were obtained and expression analysis performed, in the aim of investigating co-expression patterns between the genes encoding the interacting proteins and the three candidate genes, to support a potential interaction. To confirm the Hv14.3.3c-HvEPSP interaction, co-immunoprecipitation and BRET were then used, however confirmation was unsuccessful due to issues with non-specific binding in co-immunoprecipitation and technical issues trying to establish the BRET analysis system in barley. In summary, the results of this study place the candidate genes Hv14.3.3c, HvMAPKK1 and HvFKBP41 as players in signal transduction during the plant defence/stress response. With the identification of previously uncharacterised protein interactions, some progress has also been made towards placing these genes within known signalling networks and identifying potential downstream genes that could possibly play a more specific role in defence response signalling and therefore be potential targets for the generation of resistant or stress tolerant plants. / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2009

Les travaux réalisés au cours de cette Thèse avaient pour but de caractériser au niveau fonctionnel la protéine FAM110B, identifiée au laboratoire il y a plusieurs années par une méthode de sélection d’éléments génétiques suppresseurs destinée à rechercher de nouveaux gènes impliqués dans la sensibilité à un inhibiteur de Topoisomérase II, la 9-hydroxyéllipticine. Localisée au niveau cytoplasmique et très conservée chez les mammifères, FAM110B est essentielle à la survie comme le montre le blocage en phase S des cellules dans lesquelles son expression est transitoirement diminuée. Sa répression conduit d’ailleurs à l’inhibition de plusieurs voies impliquées dans la prolifération cellulaire comme les voies Wnt, Notch ou TGF-. Les résultats que nous avons obtenus suggèrent que ce rôle dans la prolifération peut être régulé par l’interaction de FAM110B avec la β-caténine. Cette interaction régule le niveau d’expression de la β-caténine et/ou sa localisation, ce qui a pour conséquence directe de moduler l’expression de ses gènes cibles impliqués dans la prolifération cellulaire. Nous avons également démontré que FAM110B intervient dans les processus de migration cellulaire en régulant directement ou indirectement l’expression de la E-cadhérine par la modulation sélective de l’expression d’un de ses répresseurs, Slug. L’augmentation de l’expression de la E-cadhérine dans des cellules sousexprimant FAM110B est accompagnée d’une diminution de l’expression de la N-cadhérine, un phénomène qui est fréquemment observé lors de la reverse EMT, passage d’un stade mésenchymateux à un stade épithélial au cours duquel, des cellules à caractère invasif et métastatique acquièrent des propriétés adhésives associées à une perte de leur propriétés de migration et d’invasion. Enfin, nous avons pu démontrer que FAM110B est également impliquée dans la sensibilité cellulaire à divers agents anticancéreux. Sa répression induit une sensibilisation à la camptothécine et au cisplatine alors qu’elle confère une résistance aux poisons de tubuline (taxol et vincritine) et aux inhibiteurs de Topoisomérases II par diminution du nombre de complexes de clivage ADN-enzyme associée à une réduction du niveau de Topo2 dont on ne connait pas encore l’origine. L’ensemble de nos résultats confirment l’importance de FAM110B dans la migration et la prolifération cellulaire ainsi que dans la réponse aux stress induits par diverses classes d’agents anticancéreux. De ce fait, FAM110B peut être considérée comme une nouvelle cible potentielle en cancérologie et son inhibition être utilisée pour potentialiser l’action de thérapeutiques existantes tels que les dérivés de la camptothécine ou les dérivés du platine qui sont largement utilisés en clinique. / FAM110B is a new protein that was identified several years ago in our laboratory by a functional screen, the selection of genetic suppressor elements (GSEs), which goal was to identify new genes involved in the cellular sensitivity to the topoisomerase II inhibitor 9-hydroxyellipticine. FAM110B is localized in the cytoplasm and is extremely conserved across mammals. We found that FAM110B is essential for cell survival, as its transient repression induces a blockage in the S phase of the cell cycle. Its repression also induces the inhibition of various pathways involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, such as Wnt, Notch or TGF-. Our results suggest that its role in cell proliferation relies on FAM110B interaction with β-catenin. This interaction regulates β-catenin expression and its subcellular localization, which directly impacts on the expression of its target genes involved in cell proliferation. We have also demonstrated that FAM110B is involved in cell migration by regulating the expression of E-cadherin via the specific modulation of one of its repressors, Slug. Increase in E-cadherin expression in cells with downregulated FAM110B is accompanied by a decrease in N-cadherin expression, a phenomenon which is reminiscent of a reverse EMT i.e. a mesenchymal to epithelial transition which is characterized by a loss of invasiveness and metastatic potential. Finally, we also showed that FAM110B is involved in the regulation of the cellular sensitivity to various anticancer agents. Transient repression of FAM110B sensitizes cells to camptothecin and cisplatin, whereas it confers a resistant phenotype to tubuline poisons (taxol and vincristine) and Top2 inhibitors. This latter effect is accompanied by a reduction in DNA-Topo2 cleavage complexes due to a reduction in Topo2 levels by a mechanism which is not fully elucidated. Together, our results confirm the importance of FAM110B in essential processes such as migration, cell proliferation, and cell response to various stresses induced by chemotherapeutic agents. Therefore, FAM110B can be considered as a new potential target for cancer treatment and its inhibition can also be used to potentiate existing treatments such as camptothecin derivatives and platinum compounds that are widely used in the clinic.

Le diagnostic biologique des maladies à prions du vivant du patient repose sur la recherche de protéine 14.3.3 dans le liquide céphalo-rachidien. Le dosage conjoint de la néoptérine permet d'améliorer nettement sa spécificité. Cependant, les performances analytiques ne sont pas suffisantes pour établir un diagnostic de certitude. Dans la quête d'un marqueur supposé plus spécifique, nous avons recherché la protéine prion pathologique résistante à la protéinase K (PrPres) dans le nerf péronier. Malgré l'optimisation de notre méthode, nous ne l'avons détecté que dans un cas sur trois. Cela nous a conduit à utiliser et valider la streptomycine comme ligand exogène pour concentrer la PrPres. Nous avons démontré sa capacité à concentrer la PrPres d'origine cérébrale et amygdalienne; sa sensibilité analytique s'avère être équivalente, pour une faible quantité de tissu initiale (5 mg), à celle de l'acide phosphotungstique. Par ailleurs, nous avons pu correctement classer, à partir d'un nombre significatif d'échantillons cérébraux, les patients EST des patients non atteints d'une EST avec une sensibilité et une spécificité de 100 %. Ainsi, nous disposons d'un outil susceptible d'augmenter la sensibilité des techniques initialement utilisées pour détecter la PrPres dans des nerfs facilement accessibles par biopsie.