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The aim of this thesis is to shed light on important aspects of the role ideals play in practical reasoning. In the first chapter an account of ideals as conceptions of admirable ways of being (a true friend, a great athlete, a perfect dandy) is provided, distinguishing proper ideals from bad and incomplete ones. In the second chapter, it is shown what it takes for a person to have an ideal. The phenomenon of ideal possession reveals a complex dispositional structure at the centre of which lies a kind of affective desire, a feeling of a calling to be the way conceptualised by the ideal. Admiration for ideal ways of being observed in real and imaginative others can, under certain conditions, trigger such a desire. In the third chapter, the normative implications of ideal possession are examined. To have an ideal comes with a standing vocational reason to pursue one's ideal. This standing reason, in turn, gives rise to a steady supply of case-dependent vocational reasons to act and to feel in certain ways; reasons that ultimately guide one's attempts at living up to one's ideal. Finally, the fourth chapter investigates the contribution of a pursuit of ideals to the quality of one's life. The main focus is on the kind of recognition that successful idealists are likely to receive from actual admirers. It is argued that second-personal expressions of admiration can endow the idealist with petitionary reasons to maintain or develop her admirable properties. The result is the doubling of reasons: The interplay of both ideal-based vocational reasons and admiration-based petitionary reasons pulling in the same direction, helping the idealist to live a life in which her individual and social natures are better reconciled with each other – a life which is not necessarily happier, but likely more meaningful.

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This thesis examines Kant’s transcendental idealism. It argues that the key to understanding Kant’s idealism lies in appreciating how it is compatible with Kant’s empirical realism. It suggests against the so-called traditional view that transcendental idealism is not a distinction between illusion and reality, where appearances are how things merely seem to be to us in virtue of the nature of our minds, and where things in themselves are understood to be how things really are. Instead, it argues that transcendental idealism, when charitably interpreted, reveals how minds such as ours can have genuine cognitive access to reality, based on exploring the links between the conditions of experience, in terms of a priori forms of intuition and categories that the cognitive subject supplies to its experience, and the conditions of the possibility of the objects of experience, in terms of the necessary ontological structures that objects of experience must have in order to be representable through human forms of intuition (space and time). The thesis suggests that Kant uses his transcendental distinction between appearances and things in themselves in at least three ways and that unpacking these three uses helps us to get a better grasp on Kant’s idealism. The three senses of the transcendental distinction are: (1) the traditional phenomenalist conception, according to which appearances are ‘mere representations’ and things in themselves are the putatively ‘real’ things, (2) the notion that things in themselves are ‘objects of a pure understanding’ and (3) that appearances are conditioned phenomena while things in themselves are the unconditioned ground of phenomena. The thesis argues that senses (2) and (3) can be combined to yield transcendental idealism as empirical realism, while the arguments and passages that turn on sense (1) must be rejected.

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Y.W. Lee, T.P. Cheatham, Jr., J.B. Wiesner. / "October 13, 1949." / U.S. Army Signal Corps Contract No. W36-039-sc-32307 Project No. 102B Dept. of the Army Project No. 3-99-10-022

by Daniel Bienstock. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 15). / Funded in part by National Science Foundation. ECS-8316224

The diploma thesis deals with the issue of surface treatment by pickling. In the research part the pickling technology is described in detail. The next chapters are focused on the TIG welding method and the weldability of austenitic stainless steels. In the experimental part an experiment is carried out focusing on the comparison of weight loss and surface quality depending on the pickling time. Part of the conclusion is the implementation of pWPS documentation for the specified component and a brief manual for customers of pickling plant.