Reliant le moteur à turboréacteur à la voilure de l’avion, le mât-réacteur est une véritable « pièce maitresse » de l’avion. En effet, il transmet tous les efforts de l’avion au moteur. Il est soumis à des variations de températures allant de -40°C en croisière à290°C voir 400°C lors des phases de décollage. En plus, le mât-réacteur est à la merci de contraintes vibratoires très élevées qui,n’étant pas correctement maitrisées lors des analyses en tolérances aux dommages, peuvent conduire à la ruine de l’appareil. Entre290°C et 400°C, la martensite constitutive des composants en acier inoxydable martensitique durci par précipitation (15-5PH) du mât-réacteur, subit donc un vieillissement par transformation microstructurale. Ce vieillissement a un impact considérable sur les propriétés mécaniques, à savoir à une augmentation de la limite d’élasticité et de la contrainte à rupture aux dépens d’une réduction drastique de la ténacité et la ductilité. Afin de compléter la caractérisation des effets du vieillissement sur les propriétés mécaniques tout en considérant que ces structures sont dimensionnées suivant un principe de tolérance aux dommages, l’objectif de ce travail est d’étudier la résistance à la fissuration par fatigue de cet acier en fonction du vieillissement et de la température d’essai. La démarche adoptée repose sur une connaissance des comportements monotone et cyclique pour analyser les mécanismes en fissuration. Des essais de comportement cyclique ont ainsi été effectués à la température ambiante et à 300°C à différents niveaux de déformation imposés, sur l’acier 15-5PH dans son état de réception, puis pour des conditions vieillissement réalisées entre 300°C et 400°C et des temps d’exposition allant jusqu’à 10 000h. Les résultats obtenus mettent en évidence l’absence d’influence du vieillissement sur l’écrouissage cyclique de l’acier 15-5PH, aussi bien à température ambiant qu’à 300°C. Pour la plage de valeurs de ΔK balayée, le comportement en fissuration de l’acier 15-5PH sous amplitude de chargement constante n’est pas modifié par le vieillissement.Cependant, l’étendue du domaine stable de propagation est quant à elle réduite en fonction du degré de vieillissement à température ambiante. Cette réduction est due à la chute de ténacité du matériau avec le vieillissement. Les surfaces de rupture sont majoritairement transgranulaires pour toutes les conditions examinées. Toutefois, les régions proches de la rupture finale de certains états vieillis présentent des îlots de rupture statique à la température ambiante. Ces ilots sont inexistants à 300°C. Par ailleurs, sous l’effet de surcharges répétées, un effet retard sur la vitesse de fissuration a été mis en évidence. Ce retard est fonction à la fois du taux de surcharge, de la période de surcharge, du nombre de surcharge et du rapport de charge du chargement de base, mais est insensible au vieillissement. Par ailleurs, on dénote une fois de plus, une réduction de l’étendue du domaine de propagation stable à température ambiante. Des simulations de la propagation des fissures sous amplitude de chargement variable ont été effectuées à l’aide du modèle incrémental de prévisions de durées de vie en fissuration développé au LMT-Cachan. Les résultats issus de ce modèle ont ensuite fait l’objet d’une comparaison avec le modèle PREFFAS utilisé chez AIRBUS. Le modèle incrémental rend bien compte de certains effets de surcharges répétées. Il se révèle en outre moins conservatif que le modèle PREFFAS. Une méthodologie de prise en compte dans le modèle incrémental des effets de vieillissement fondée sur une équivalence temps/température de type Hollomon-Jaffe est enfin proposée. / Connecting the turbofan engine to the wing of the aircraft, the engine pylon is a true « masterpiece » of the aircraft. Indeed, it transmits all the aircraft engine efforts. It is subject to temperature variations from -40°C in cruise to 290°C-400°C during take off and landing. In addition, the engine pylon is a prey to very high vibratory stresses, which should be properly taken into account during damage tolerances analysis to avoid the loss of the aircraft. Between 290°C and 400°C, the martensite of components in precipitation-hardenable stainless steel (15-5 PH) of engine pylon undergoes microstructural transformation (« ageing »). This ageing has a significant impact on the mechanical properties, characterized by an increase in yield strength and tensile stress and drastic reduction in toughness and ductility. To complete the characterization of the effects of ageing on the mechanical properties while considering that these structures are designed according to a principle of damage tolerance, the aim of this work is to study the fatigue crack growth behavior (FCGB) of this material according to the ageing conditions and the test temperature. The approach is based on knowledge of monotonous and cyclic behavior to analyze the fatigue crack mechanisms. The cyclic behavior tests have been carried out at room temperature and 300°C at different strains imposed levels, on the 15-5PH steel in its as-received and then to the ageing conditions realized, between 300°C and 400°C and exposure times of up to 10 000h. The results highlight the lack of influence of ageing on the cyclic hardening of 15-5 PH steel, both at room temperature to 300°C. For the range of ΔK values tested, the FCGB of the 15-5PH steel under constant load amplitude is not affected by ageing. However, the extent of the stable propagation domain is itself reduced according to the degree of aging at room temperature. This reduction is due to the fall of fracture toughness due to ageing. The fracture surfaces are mainly transgranular for all conditions examined. However, the areas close to the final rupture ofsome ageing statements present islands indicative of a static failure mode at room temperature. These islands are absent to 300°C.Under the effect of repeated loads, a delayed effect on the crack velocity has been demonstrated. This delay is a function of the overload rate, overload period, the number of overloads and the baseline load ratio, but insensitive to ageing. Furthermore, are duction in the extent of the area stable propagation is also noticed at room temperature. Fatigue crack growth simulations undervariable amplitude loading were made through the incremental model for damage tolerance analysis developed by LMT-Cachan. The model results were then subject to a comparison with the PREFFAS model used at AIRBUS. The incremental model is well aware ofsome of the effects of repeated overloads. It also proves less conservative than the model PREFFAS. For taking account the effects of ageing in the incremental model, simply report the hardening observed on old material, the cyclic hardening parameters are notaffected. A methodology based on time/temperature equivalence provided by Hollomon-Jaffe - and taking into account the effects of ageing in the incremental model is finally proposed.

Orientador: Anselmo Eduardo Diniz / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T20:25:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeixeiraFilho_Fernando_D.pdf: 16227324 bytes, checksum: 1e8eaf8a048f169a1964f67a6dd9bcce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O aço inoxidável endurecível por precipitação apresenta elevada resistência mecânica e à oxidação, tendo amplo campo de aplicações, em especial, na indústria aeronáutica. O presente trabalho avaliou a influência da utilização de fluido de corte no fresamento do aço inoxidável endurecível por precipitação 15-5PH (UNS S 15500), utilizando ferramenta de metal duro recoberta com TiAIN, nas operações de desbaste e acabamento. Foram realizados ensaios de desbaste e de acabamento, variando-se a classe da ferramenta de metal duro (M20-M40 e M30M40), a velocidade de corte (100 e 120 m/min nos ensaios de acabamento e 120 e 140 m/min nos ensaios de desbaste), as condições de lubrificação/refrigeração (sem fluido, aplicação de emulsão interna e externamente à ferramenta) e a concentração do fluido de corte na emulsão (7% e 12%). Finalmente, foram realizados ensaios adicionais, para efeito comparativo, com aplicação de fluido de corte integral em mínima quantidade de fluido (35 ml/h) e também em baixa vazão (250 ml/min). Foram medidos o desgaste e a vida da ferramenta, a potência consumida e a rugosidade da peça. A análise dos resultados permitiu concluir que a usinagem sem fluido de corte apresentou maior vida da ferramenta, quando comparada com a condição com emulsão, tanto para desbaste quanto para acabamento. A aplicação de mínima quantidade de fluido proporcionou uma vida maior que na condição sem fluido. A utilização de fluido integral causa uma diminuição na potência consumida, mesmo que a vazão deste fluido seja mínima como a que se tem quando se usa a técnica MQF. Mas a principal contribuição do trabalho é que a condição com baixa vazão de óleo integral apresentou a maior vida de ferramenta dentre todas as condições de refrigeração/lubrificação testadas, demonstrando que houve o efeito lubrificante do fluido, com redução da potência consumida / Abstract: The preciptation hardenable stainsless steel presents high mechanical strength and corrosion resistance, having a wide application field, specially in the aerospace industry. The present work evaluated the influence of cutting fluids in the 15-5PH stainless steel milling, using carbide tools, TiAIN coated. Experiments were carried out for roughing and finishing operations, varying the carbide tool c1ass (M20-M40 and M30-M40), the cutting speed (100 and 120 m/min for finishing operation and 120 and 140 m/min for roughing operation), the lubri-cooling conditions (without cutting fluid, internal and external emulsion application) and the emulsion concentration (7% and 12%). Finally, additional experiments were carried out, for comparison effects, with neat oil application with minimum quantity of fluid (35 ml/h) and also with low flow rate (250 ml/min). Tool wear, tool life, power consumption and workpiece roughness were measured. The analysis of the results allowed to conc1ude that the machining without cutting fluid gave longer tool life than with emulsion application, both in roughing and finishing conditions. The minimum quantity of fluid utilization led to a longer tool life than the dry condition. The use of neat oil led to a decrease of the power consumption, even with the minimum amount contained in the MQF technique. But the main contribution of this work is that the experiments with application of neat oil with low flow rate presented longer tool life than the other lubrication/refrigeration conditions experimented, showing that lubrication effect occurred when neat oil was used, with consequent reduction of power consumption / Doutorado / Engenharia de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica