The central idea developed in this thesis is that our understanding of the institutionalisation of scientific disciplines may be deepened by it consideration of the potential clients who served as 'markets' for the knowledge generated by the new discipline. I argue that successful institutionalisation, and ultimately the 'shape' of the new discipline, depends upon the social interests of these clients who perceive the discipline in terms of the solution of major problems confronting them. In Chapter 2,I apply this model to the emergence of experimental psychology in Edwardian Britain. Here, the importance of. clients in education and mental health cannot be overemphasised. They not only provided the institutional framework for psychology, they also contributed to psychological knowledge. The reasons for this are to be found in the clients' professional interests: psychology offered a scientific basis for their practice which promised to enhance their autonomy and status. The remaining chapters are devoted to industrial psychology, specifically to the N. I. I. P. Chapter 3 deals with the Institute's sponsors, who are categorised both in terms of the problems they faced and their perceptions of the value of industrial psychology. This provides the framework used in the following chapter to interpret the industrial psychologists' rhetoric, scientific orientation and specific techniques. The N. I. I. P. 's programme of 'rationalising' work and securing the adjustment of people and their surroundings' in a meritocratic system reflected the aspirations of the new professional middle-class and the needs of the ruling class.

La recherche réalisée s’attache à éclairer « les pratiques inclusives en mathématiques d’enseignants de classe ordinaire dans le premier degré » dans un contexte de changement requis pour les enseignants du système éducatif français qui depuis 2005 sont confrontés à l’accueil des élèves reconnus institutionnellement handicapés. L’état des lieux réalisé conduit à envisager cette scolarisation comme un nouvel enjeu de la culture enseignante, où la question de l’accessibilité au savoir apparaît comme un problème professionnel. C’est pourquoi notre recherche s’est intéressée à la question suivante : en quoi l’inclusion d’un élève reconnu institutionnellement handicapé questionne les praxéologies enseignantes ? Pour instruire cette question, nous nous inscrivons dans le cadre de la didactique professionnelle et dans celui de la théorie anthropologique du didactique. Sous l’influence d’un dispositif à double institution, le modèle d’analyse construit, permet d’étudier le travail enseignant dans la classe tout comme celui du développement professionnel. Ce travail est mené à partir de captations numériques de séances de classe, d’entretiens ante et post et d’analyses simples et croisées. Il permet de mettre en évidence des praxéologies professionnelles relatives au type de tâche « donner une place à l’élève reconnu institutionnellement handicapé en milieu ordinaire » et des évolutions du rapport personnel des enseignants à l’inclusion scolaire. Il contribue également à un dialogue entre la didactique professionnelle et la théorie anthropologique du didactique par l’introduction du système notionnel de praxéologie, d’institution et de rapport personnel d’un sujet x à un objet O / The research carried out aims to describe the “inclusive practices of regular classroom teachers in the teaching of mathematics at primary level” within a context of necessary change for teachers in the French education system, who since 2005 have had to face the task of integrating pupils recognised as having institutional disabilities. The situational analysis carried out leads us to regard the schooling of such pupils as a new challenge for teaching culture, where the issue of accessibility to knowledge is a professional problem. Our research therefore focused on the following question: What question does the inclusion of a pupil recognised as having institutional disabilities raise about the praxeology of teaching? To explore this question, we need to take account of professional didactics as well as the Anthropological Theory of Didactics. Based on a dual institution study, the model of analysis that is constructed makes it possible to examine both work related to teaching in the classroom and to professional development. The research is carried out using digital recordings of lessons, interviews conducted before and after, as well as simple and cross analyses. It allows us to gain insight into the professional praxeology relating to such a task as that of “ensuring pupils recognised as having institutional disabilities have their place in a regular classroom environment”, as well as changes in teachers’ own personal relation towards inclusive education. Moreover, it contributes to a dialogue between professional didactics and the Anthropological Theory of Didactics by introducing the notional system of praxeology, institution and the personal relation of a subject X towards an object (O)