No description available.

The purpose 9f this thesis is to examine the Jacobite effort to secure support for an enterprise to restore the Stuart line in Britain and the effect which this had on relations between France and England from 1730 to 1740. Following a general account of the diplomatic pattern during this decade and the state of the Jacobite movement in 1730, the thesis examines in detail the Jacobite endeavor to win support at three critical junctures: first, the period from the Second Treaty of Vienna (1731) to the outbreak of the War of the Polish Succession (1733); second, the period of settlement after the Polish War, from 1735 to 1737; third, the time of crisis which ended with the outbreak of war between Spain and England in 1740. Although the Jacobites received a show of encouragement from the French government throughout these ten years, Cardinal Fleury constantly evaded fulfilling the promises of help he gave them, alleging as excuse circumstances the Jacobites themselves could not contest: the weakness of the party in Britain and the lack of co-operation between France and Spain despite their common causes of enmity against England. Fleury consistently avoided any policy which would involve France in a general European war; and this, in fact, precluded giving active help to the Jacobites; but he encouraged them to continue their efforts because they supplied him with useful information, because they were considered as a potential threat by the Hanoverian government in England whose fears of a renewed Jacobite enterprise increased with the increasing hostility between Britain and the Bourbon powers, and because supporting the Jacobite cause could strengthen Fleury's own position within the administrative power-structure of the French Court. By 1730 the lack of effective political support in Britain for the Jacobite Cause made it unlikely that an enterprise could have been successful; but, so long as the Hanoverians feared a potential change and so long as the Jacobites themselves hoped and worked for success, they remained a significant factor in the diplomatic history of Europe. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Diss.--Philosophische Fakultät--Saarbrücken, 1981. / Bibliogr. p. 262-271.

Thesis.

by T.L. Magnanti and J.B. Orlin. / Bibliography: p. 13. / Support in part from the Systems Theory and Operations Research Division of the National Science Foundation. ECS-83/6224 Support in part by Presidential Young Investigator grant of the National Science Foundation. 8451517-ECS

No description available.

Oliver Goldsmith was not only a superior craftsman but also a sincere moralist, an author who created works crackling with intentional satire; the most representative of these works is The Citizen of the World, a remarkably varied collection that contains outstanding examples of the satiric essay. Goldsmith has been established as a satiric author, yet there are some questions of refinement--points involving his method and intent, his relationship to the eighteenth century, and the nature of his work--that need to be answered. The aim of this paper is to clarify these points by systematically analyzing the satiric technique and purpose in Goldsmith's The Citizen of the World, and by characterizing the satiric nature of Goldsmith's collection. The Citizen of the World was published in 1762, a time of change for eighteenth-century satire; consequently, the technique, purpose, and nature of Goldsmith's satire can be determined only by examining his work through an historical perspective, taking into account the influences in both halves of the eighteenth century.Two sections provide the background for this approach: the first defines the elements of satire, and the second traces the rise and decline of major English satire during the eighteenth century. The satiric elements--technique, purpose, and nature--are based on the following points that constitute the working definition of satire for this study: an attack on irrational, inappropriate conduct, the transformation of that attack into literature through selected techniques, and the justification of that attack based on the author's moral judgment. Satiric technique includes form, characters, and rhetorical tools; purpose involves the author's attitude, satiric objects of attack, and norms; and nature encompasses the specific kind of satire that differentiates one period from another, one author from another, making the definition a more sensitive instrument. Once established, these elements are applied to satire written during the English eighteenth century, a period that includes two kinds of satire, one created by the Augustan Age, the other by the Age of Sensibility. Examining the major changes in satire through this method not only illuminates the eighteenth-century satiric tradition but also provides essential background for analysis of Goldsmith's collection.The satire in The Citizen of the World, consequently, reflects various traits representative of each period within the eighteenth century. Those features characteristic of the Augustan Age--the pseudoletter genre, Altangi, assorted caricatures, the rhetorical tools drawn from all four comic theories, the satiric weapon of irony, the quality of critical humor, the intense emotions of moral contempt and righteous indignation, the unacceptable examples of vice and folly, the emphasis on man's responsibility for his own actions, and the normative values-generate satire that is, at least in several respects, moral, moderate, reasonable, amusing, and powerful. Similarly, those features characteristic of the Age of Sensibility--extensive variety and miscellany, the Man in Black, the developing character of Beau Tibbs, the concept of benevolent laughter, the definite tone of amusement and tolerance, the unacceptable examples of affectation, and the general objects of attack--generate satire that is, at least partially, good-natured, tolerant, moderate, amusing, and mild. Taken together, these features from both periods of the eighteenth century account for a satiric work that is Horatian, that is occasionally intense, occasionally moderate, that is, in truth, a blend of two particular kinds of satire, one created by the Augustan Age, the other by the Age of Sensibility.

No description available.

Sterne's literary influence in Germany during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries has been well established by H.W. Thayer, P. Michelsen and B. Brandi-Dohrn. But it is only in relation to the sentimental movement that his strong impact on German language and style has been critically studied and evaluated. And here it was <u>A Sentimental Journey</u> (1768) that contributed. The present thesis was planned originally as a study of the linguistic influence of <u>Tristram Shandy</u> (1759-67). It soon became apparent that the medium through which first and pre-eminently that influence had been exerted was the translation by J.J.C. Bode published in 1774 under the title of <u>Tristram Schandis Leben und Meynungen</u>. This study will analyse the innovations in <u>Tristram Schandi</u> and their derivation from the English of Sterne and, indirectly, from Sterne's predecessors in the tradition of humorous writing. The analysis in limited to the vocabulary and a few significant stylistic features. Syntactic innovations are excluded: they well deserve a special study. The impact of Bode's innovations on the German language of the time will be established mainly by citation from dictionaries. The consultation of literary sources lies outside the scope of my research. The originality and competence of Bode's translation, controversial in intention but far-reaching in effect, will also be discussed. It is not known which edition of <u>Tristam Shandy</u> Bode used for his translation. I have quoted throughout from the World's Classics edition, checking it against those of the Shakespeare Head Press and J.A. Work. Both of these are based on the first and some other early editions. Such differences as exist between the three editions are confined to details of orthography or typography, which would not have affected the translation. Quotations from <u>Tristram Shandi</u> follow the first edition of 1774.

From the seventeenth century, North America has experienced a succession of powerful and nationally significant revivals. Such movements of the Spirit emanated from the seed of a reformed tradition that was maintained by the Pilgrim Fathers, Scots and Irish hesbyterians, Dutch Reformed and German Lutherans. For example, this heritage was foundational to the First Great Awakening, which produced a remarkable turn in favour of the Christian faith among the colonies during 1730-1750. Furthermore, following the American War of Independence this reformed heritage became the ground for promoting the Second Great Awakening, another movement of the Spirit that continued for a period of over twenty years. However in the 1820-30's, this heritage was seriously confronted by a different form of revivalism. During this decade, new theologicaVphilosophical thinking, together with an updated method of evangelism, began to upset an accepted and traditional understanding of revival and revivalism. Existing friendships or loyalties between pro-revivalists were tried and tested and their eventual division over the issues meant that two alternative or separate views of revivals became common. The traditionalists tended to emphasize the sovereignty of God in revival, whilst the innovators appealed more to the use of human means in promoting 'outpourings of the Spirit.' This thesis will attempt to answer a central question: Can the church promote a revival? Is revival only, or always, directly attributable to God's sovereignty? Does God operate outside the employment of human agency in revival? If not, then at what level, to what degree, or by what means, does or can the church actively participate in the process of revivals? These questions will be considered £roman overview of American revivalism during 1730-1860. This thesis will aim to present a case, based on biblical exegesis and historical illustration. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Church and Dogma History))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, in association with Greenwich School of Theology, U.K., 2005.