Dissertation--Philosophische Fakultät--Göttingen--Georg-August-Universität, 2001. / Bibliogr. p. 477-546. Index.

Amir Dembo, Ofer Zeitouni. / Caption title. / Bibliography: leaf [12]. / Supported, in part, by a grant from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research. AFOSR-85-0227B Supported, in part, by the Weizmann Postdoctoral Fellowship.

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Zugl.: Hamburg, Univ., Diss., 2005 u.d.T.: Wegner, Gerd: Zur zeitgenössischen und nachwirkenden Bedeutung der aus wirtschaftlichen Interessen Hamburgs von Johann Anderson (1674 - 1743) zusammengestellten naturwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse aus der nordatlantischen Region

This thesis is a historiographical study of Thomas Jefferson.

Trata-se de pesquisa teórica, de caráter filosófico, que procura avaliar o lugar ocupado por Condorcet (1743-1794) no universo da filosofia e do pensamento educacional do século XVIII. Sabe-se que o \"Século das Luzes\" atribuiu enorme importância à tarefa de educar. Contudo, é oportuno destacar que tamanha importância deve-se, notadamente, à compreensão que este século teve de si próprio. A maioria dos intelectuais que se destacaram no período acreditava viver no \"século da filosofia\", da supremacia da razão e de seu exercício e, nesse sentido, o ato de educar constituía uma espécie de compromisso com o próprio tempo, pois, propagar as luzes significava conferir à espécie humana os instrumentos necessários para que o desenvolvimento das ciências e das artes não mais fosse interrompido. A elaboração da Enciclopédia, um dos mais significativos e importantes empreendimentos do Iluminismo, na medida que se propunha a inventariar o repertório dos conhecimentos disponíveis para promover a aquisição constante de novas luzes, revestindo-se, assim, de enorme potencial educativo, constitui um bom exemplo do otimismo pedagógico partilhado pelos iluministas. Herdeiro desta tradição, o pensamento de Condorcet representa, de maneira igualmente exemplar, o espírito do Século das Luzes. Além do conhecido \"otimismo histórico\" e da \"teoria do progresso\", expostos, principalmente, no Esboço de um quadro histórico dos progressos do espírito humano, sua obra é portadora de traços de originalidade que não podem ser desprezados, especialmente no que se refere à constituição das ciências humanas, à defesa da igualdade, da liberdade e da instrução pública. / This is a theoretical research with philosophical character that looks for evaluation of the place occupied by Condorcet (1743-1794) in the universe of Philosophy and educational thought of 18th century. It\'s known that the \"Century of Lights\" attributed enormous importance to the task of educating. However, it is opportune to detach that so great importance is due, notably, to the understanding that this century had about itself. The majority of the intellectuals that were detached in the period believed to live in the century of Philosophy\", of the supremacy of reason and of its exercise and, in this direction, the act of educating constituted a kind of compromise with the own time because propagating the lights meant to confer to the human species the necessary instruments so that the development of sciences and arts was no more interrupted. The elaboration of the Encyclopedia, one of the most significant and important enterprises of the Enlightenment since it proposed to inventory the repertoire of the available knowledge to promote the constant acquisition of new lights and so, arming itself, of enormous educative potential, constitutes a good example of the pedagogical optimism shared by the Enlightenment men. The thought of Condorcet, heir of this tradition, represents, in equally exemplary manner, the spirit of the Century of Lights. Beyond the known \"historical optimism\" and the \"theory of the progress\", displayed, mainly, in the Esquisse d\'un tableau historique des progrès de l\'esprit humain, his work is bearer of traces of originality that cannot be rejected, especially in that it refers to the constitution of Human Sciences, to the equality, freedom and public instruction defences.

Trata-se de pesquisa teórica, de caráter filosófico, que procura avaliar o lugar ocupado por Condorcet (1743-1794) no universo da filosofia e do pensamento educacional do século XVIII. Sabe-se que o \"Século das Luzes\" atribuiu enorme importância à tarefa de educar. Contudo, é oportuno destacar que tamanha importância deve-se, notadamente, à compreensão que este século teve de si próprio. A maioria dos intelectuais que se destacaram no período acreditava viver no \"século da filosofia\", da supremacia da razão e de seu exercício e, nesse sentido, o ato de educar constituía uma espécie de compromisso com o próprio tempo, pois, propagar as luzes significava conferir à espécie humana os instrumentos necessários para que o desenvolvimento das ciências e das artes não mais fosse interrompido. A elaboração da Enciclopédia, um dos mais significativos e importantes empreendimentos do Iluminismo, na medida que se propunha a inventariar o repertório dos conhecimentos disponíveis para promover a aquisição constante de novas luzes, revestindo-se, assim, de enorme potencial educativo, constitui um bom exemplo do otimismo pedagógico partilhado pelos iluministas. Herdeiro desta tradição, o pensamento de Condorcet representa, de maneira igualmente exemplar, o espírito do Século das Luzes. Além do conhecido \"otimismo histórico\" e da \"teoria do progresso\", expostos, principalmente, no Esboço de um quadro histórico dos progressos do espírito humano, sua obra é portadora de traços de originalidade que não podem ser desprezados, especialmente no que se refere à constituição das ciências humanas, à defesa da igualdade, da liberdade e da instrução pública. / This is a theoretical research with philosophical character that looks for evaluation of the place occupied by Condorcet (1743-1794) in the universe of Philosophy and educational thought of 18th century. It\'s known that the \"Century of Lights\" attributed enormous importance to the task of educating. However, it is opportune to detach that so great importance is due, notably, to the understanding that this century had about itself. The majority of the intellectuals that were detached in the period believed to live in the century of Philosophy\", of the supremacy of reason and of its exercise and, in this direction, the act of educating constituted a kind of compromise with the own time because propagating the lights meant to confer to the human species the necessary instruments so that the development of sciences and arts was no more interrupted. The elaboration of the Encyclopedia, one of the most significant and important enterprises of the Enlightenment since it proposed to inventory the repertoire of the available knowledge to promote the constant acquisition of new lights and so, arming itself, of enormous educative potential, constitutes a good example of the pedagogical optimism shared by the Enlightenment men. The thought of Condorcet, heir of this tradition, represents, in equally exemplary manner, the spirit of the Century of Lights. Beyond the known \"historical optimism\" and the \"theory of the progress\", displayed, mainly, in the Esquisse d\'un tableau historique des progrès de l\'esprit humain, his work is bearer of traces of originality that cannot be rejected, especially in that it refers to the constitution of Human Sciences, to the equality, freedom and public instruction defences.

A study of the political and social thought of Jean-Paul Marat was undertaken in an attempt to establish whether this eighteenth-century personality, of notorious yet poorly understood proportions, might in any way be considered an original theorist. The clarification of this point is presented as one answer to the credibility of the historical and contemporary notion of “maratism” and the “maratiste” as representative of a distinctive theory. Respecting the chronology of Jean-Paul Marat's writings, his first political treatise, The Chains of Slavery of 1774, is analyzed within the framework of its debt to English radicalism. Marat is then followed to France, where a decade before the Ancien Régime was to expire, the Plan de législation criminelle was written. Having discussed the rudiments of the pre-revolutionary's political and social thought as epitomized by these works, the outbreak of the French Revolution introduces Jean-Paul Marat in his first and most important revolutionary vocation as the journalist of L'Ami du Peuple. Henceforward, the evolution of Marat's revolutionary thought is first examined in the context of his professional capacity, where increasing intolerance and suspicion of other journalists testify to his radicalization. Next, consideration is given to the metamorphosis of his revolutionary ideal, or the discovery of the “people” and their requisite virtue of “esprit public”. This, in turn, raises the questions of how Marat proposed to achieve the revolution in the name of his new elite. His two principal methods of violence and dictatorship are therefore probed. And, in keeping with the pervading negative vein of Marat's teachings, those whom he considered a permanent threat to any society are revealed as Marat, the Friend of the People, perceived them. Finally, the thought of Jean-Paul Marat is reviewed from the perspective of his relationship to the clubs and of his turbulent but short-lived career as a representative of the people, which was brought to a dramatic end by the knife of Charlotte Corday. On the basis of the foregoing analyses, it is concluded that although Marat was the first to synthesize many ideas subsequently to be adopted by the revolution, he was not an original theorist. It is contended, therefore, that the significance of the terms “maratism” or “maratiste” remains vacuous on a theoretical level.