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The moral philosophy of Dai Zhen can be summarised as "fulfil desires and express feelings". Because he believed that life is the most cherished thing for all man and thing, he maintains that "whatever issues from desire is always for the sake of life and nurture." He also claimed that "caring for oneself, and extending this care to those close to oneself, are both aspects of humanity" He set up a strong monastic moral philosophy based on individual human desire and feeling. As the title 'Dai Zhen's philosophy of the ethical human being' demonstrate, human physical body and activities of life is ethical base of philosophy of Dai Zhen. He regards the cause of activities for life is desire and feeling and he claimed that it is the prime concern of his moral philosophy. He set up a strong monastic moral philosophy base on the individual human desire and feeling to establish man as the moral subjectivity. Dai Zhen applied a systematic research agenda and built on palaeography and phonology to reconstruct the meaning of the Canons to become a sage by using the "meanings" of words as a method of reconstructing the "intentions" of the words of Canons, rather than by using metaphysics and intuitive meditation.

Cette thèse a pour objectif de s'intéresser aux deux questions suivantes : le socratisme en Chine depuis le tournant du XXe siècle et la comparaison entre la philosophie morale de Socrate et celle de Confucius. Nous entamons notre étude en exposant d'abord laconiquement les échanges sino-occidentaux dont le socratisme en Chine fait partie. Dans les chapitres suivants de la première partie, nous étudions systématiquement quatre aspects de ce problème sous un angle historique : l'introduction, la traduction, la réception et l'influence parmi lesquelles la dernière joue un rôle primordial. Ensuite, nous faisons une recherche comparative sur les philosophies morales de ces deux maîtres, surtout sur les notions clefs de leurs doctrines : le Bien et le ren. Après avoir présenté les contextes historiques où sont nés le socratisme et le confucianisme, nous explorons de manière approfondie l'essence et le point de départ de leur philosophie morale ainsi que la voie pour accéder à l'humanité. De ce que nous analysons, on peut déduire que ce sont l'humanité et la vertu que Socrate et Confucius s'efforcent de poursuivre pendant toute leur vie. / This thesis aims to be interested in the following two questions : the socratism in China since the twentieth century and the comparison between the moral philosophy of Socrates and that of Confucius. We begin the research at first in presenting laconically the sino-occidental exchanges, of which the socratism forms a part. In the following chapters of Part One, we systematically study the four aspects of the problem from a historical perspective : introduction, translation, reception and influence, among which the last one plays a primordial role. Subsequently, we make a comparative research on the moral philosophies of the two masters, in particular the key concepts of their doctrines : the Good and the ren. After presenting the historical contexts where the socratism and the confucianism have been established, we explore in depth the essence and the starting point of their moral philosophy as well as the way toward achievement of the humanity. Based on ouranalyses, we can deduce that the humanity and the virtue are what Socrates and Confucius endeavoured to pursue throughout their lives.