Photocopy of typescript. / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1955 L69 / Master of Science

La primera mitad del siglo XIX hispanoamericano, donde se produce la emancipación política de la mayoría de las colonias españolas y la consecuente división en estados independientes, ha sido un período de constante revisión historiográfica hasta nuestros días. Pareciera que con cada intento explicativo se necesitasen otros más para abarcar los espacios vacíos que éste deja entrever, para rebatir dicho intento preservando lo que hasta allí se sabía o para generar nuevos que expliquen desde otros ángulos teóricos o metodológicos posibles. Que esto sea así no debiese extrañar a nadie. Hemos aprendido ya hace mucho que una de las características más importantes de la historiografía es repensar el pasado de manera constante sobre todo de aquellos tiempos donde la densidad de las acciones humanas generan derivaciones perdurables hacia el futuro. Justamente, que dicho período sea tan problemático y recurrente su repaso histórico y teórico, tiene que ver con que prefigura en buena parte la forma en que se desarrolla la política posterior y con ella los modelos de desarrollo económico y la configuración social que los sustentan y movilizan. Una vez más volvemos a este período y lo hacemos para centrarnos en los aspectos políticos que se desarrollaron en él.

The eighteenth-century female of sensibility was characterized by delicate nerves that allowed her to feel her surroundings and enabled her to choose virtue over vice more consistently than males. While females were considered virtuous, their "innate" delicacy or weakness became their dominant trait and the true focus of male admiration. Although critics have already observed that Jane Austen's novels work against this idealization of feminine weakness, not one has recognized exactly how Austen transforms the female of sensibility tradition. Austen dissociates a female's delicacy from her virtue, making the primary source of virtue intellect and, in doing so, relocates male desire on to a female's inner self. Her novels work in progression to achieve this goal. Sense and Sensibility exposes delicacy's negative effects. Subsequent novels transform the sensibility tradition using two strategies. In Pride and Prejudice and Mansfield Park, several relationships demonstrate the different ways a dissociation and relocation can occur. Emma and Persuasion employ the second strategy: the problem of illusion. The existence of a weak female as attractive proves only to be delusive and is ultimately rejected by the novels' characters and readers. Hence, these five novels progressively use not only male and female interactions but characters' and readers' perceptions to eliminate the idea of feminine weakness in Austen's fictional world. / Graduation date: 1999

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This study examines the relationship of Sir Sayyid Ahmad $ underline{ rm Kh}$an with the Indian $ sp{ rm c}$ulama'. As part of his reform movement, and in particular through his journal Tahzibu'l-Akhlaq, Sir Sayyid launched a severe attack on the $ sp{ rm c}$ulama'. He held the $ sp{ rm c}$ulama' directly responsible for leading the community to the verge of disintegration. For their part, the $ sp{ rm c}$ulama' thinspace's opposition to Sir Sayyid seems to have been inspired not so much by the theological ideas of Sir Sayyid as by the $ sp{ rm c}$ulama' thinspace's perception that Sir Sayyid's ideas, criticism and his reform movement in general were a challenge to their position and role in society. / The $ sp{ rm c}$ulama' thinspace's opposition was venomous but, for a variety of reasons, it did not prove strong enough to deal a mortal blow to the reform movement of Sir Sayyid.

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This thesis studies in a comparative framework the impact of colonial experience on the religious and social thought of two modernists, Ahmad Kh an of India and Ahmad Hassan of Indonesia. At the religious level, both modernists were much concerned with the purification of Islam. They called upon the Muslims to return to the Qur' an and hadith, abandon taqlid and to undertake ijtihad. Ahmad Kh an, influenced by the natural sciences and rationalism of the West, was also inclined to interpret Islam in a naturalistic and rational manner. Ahmad Hassan, on the other hand, was very much preoccupied with the purification of Islam and the return to the Qur' an and hadith, and was little influenced by the Western impact through colonialism. At the social level, both modernists considered education to be the essential means to social betterment. But whereas Ahmad Kh an also believed in cooperation with the British, Ahmad Hassan was opposed to the Dutch. / This study concludes by showing that, given the Western colonial experience, Ahmad Kh an's socio-religious thought was rational, realistic, liberal and dynamic. While Ahmad Hassan too lived in a colonial society, his socio-religious thought was puritanical, defensive and ideological.