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John Forbes White's contribution to the history of Art in Scotland was, for the first seventy years after his death, mentioned only in passing by the main writers on Scottish art of the day. However, two of his daughters, Ina Mary Harrower and Dorothea Fyfe, both wrote articles on aspects of their father's collecting: Ina publishing "Private Picture Galleries, The Collection of John Forbes White" in Goodwords in 1896 (pp 813-819), John Forbes White (Edinburgh) in 1918 and in 1927, "Jozef lsraels and his Aberdeen Friend" for the Aberdeen University Review (pp 108-122). A noted art historian, Ina reflected her father's taste and collecting interests in her own writings, as with, for example, "Studies of Fruit by Courbet" Apollo (Vol. L No 296 1949 pp 95-98). Dorothea, with her co-author C.S. Minto, published John Forbes White, Miller, Collector, Photographer 1831-1904 (Edinburgh 1970). The only other writers who have examined White's contribution to art in any detail were Charles Carter, who as curator of Aberdeen Art Gallery, covered art and patronage in the North-East of Scotland in numerous articles and outlined White's contribution in "Art Patronage in Scotland: John Forbes White" published in the Scottish Art Review,(Vol VI, no 2, 1957, pp. 27-30). Frances Fowle, on completion of her PhD on Alexander Reid, also discussed White's tastes in "The Hague School and the Scots, A Taste for Dutch Pictures" (Apollo August 1991 pp 108-111). George Reid was still less favoured by critics after his death. With J.L. Caw championing James Guthrie and William MacTaggart, the innovative and influential aspects of Reid's art were obscured, reduced and even sometimes credited to others. W.D. McKay in The Scottish School of Painting (London 1906) had played down Reid's part in the introduction of Realism into Scotland and Agnes McKay in her monograph on Arthur Melville (Lee on Sea, 1951) went furthest of all in portraying Reid as the enemy of a younger, more innovative group of artists, who included the subject of her book. It was to be another thirty years before Dun can Macmillan would examine Reid, in Scottish Art 1460-1990 (Mainstream, 1990) as an important landscape painter, rather than, as had been the case before, as a reactionary president of the Royal Scottish Academy and an extremely dull, if talented, portrait painter. One year later John Morrison, having completed his PhD Rural Nostalgia: Painting in XIX Scotland c.1860-1880 (St Andrews 1989) wrote of Reid's important European contacts and of the vital relationship between White and Reid in "Sir George Reid in Holland, his work with G.A. Mollinger and Jozef Israels" (Jong Holland 1991 No 4 pp 10-19). Both the assets and the faults of Alexander Macdonald's collecting were examined by Charles Carter in "Alexander Macdonald 1837-1884 - Aberdeen Art Collector" (Scottish Art Review, Vol V, no 3, 1955, pp. 23-28) and again by Francina Irwin in an exhibition catalogue entitled Alexander Macdonald: From Mason to Maecenas in 1985. My main source of material has come from the uncatalogued archive of correspondence between George Reid, John Forbes White, Jozef Israels, George Paul Chalmers, David Artz, Gerrit Mollinger, Samuel Smiles and others, most of which is housed in Aberdeen Art Gallery. Reid's unpublished autobiography, transcribed by his wife Mia, (in the same archive) was also of great use, as was an unpublished but almost complete catalogue raisonne of Reid's work, compiled, probably by Percy Bate or Harry Townend c.1912. I have also made extensive use of the papers of James Pittendrigh Macgillivray which are held by The National Library of Scotland. The descendants of John Forbes White made the works and letters in their possession freely available to me. These included the correspondence between John Forbes White and William Stott of Oldham which is cited in Chapter 6. Elements of this thesis, and particularly sections 2,3, & 4 of Chapter 4, appeared in a revised form in "Art and Patronage in Aberdeen 1860-1920", a paper that I delivered at the Scottish Society of Art History's conference on Patronage, and which was published in The Journal of the Scottish Society for Art Historians (Volume 3 1998 pp 16-24). The sixth section of Chapter 5 appeared in a revised form, in An Album of Photographs compiled by Sir John Everett Millais PRA published in Studies in Photography (Edinburgh, 1997). The discussion of the influence of Ancient Greece and Classicism in the eighth section of Chapter 7 was included in a paper entitled John Forbes White, The Classical Tradition and Ideals In Art given at the conference on "The Role of Collections In The Scottish Cultural Tradition", which was held at Aberdeen University in 1998. The third section of Chapter 7 appeared in a revised form in Robert Brough (Aberdeen Art Gallery, 1995). Appendix A contains relevant excerpts from letters and text, on which much of my research was based whilst Appendix B lists the works of art owned by John Forbes White.

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciência Política, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política, 2013. / Submitted by Guimaraes Jacqueline (jacqueline.guimaraes@bce.unb.br) on 2014-10-13T15:57:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_AntonioLassance.pdf: 2721083 bytes, checksum: 45ea9b46cebea5f0922bc8e088c89da2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Guimaraes Jacqueline(jacqueline.guimaraes@bce.unb.br) on 2014-10-13T15:58:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_AntonioLassance.pdf: 2721083 bytes, checksum: 45ea9b46cebea5f0922bc8e088c89da2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-13T15:58:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_AntonioLassance.pdf: 2721083 bytes, checksum: 45ea9b46cebea5f0922bc8e088c89da2 (MD5) / A tese investiga o papel dos presidentes no processo de construção do Estado e de desenvolvimento do Brasil. Para tanto, compara as presidências de Campos Salles e de Getúlio Vargas. O objetivo específico é entender como os presidentes, no exercício de suas funções de Estado (administração pública e regulação), empregam recursos institucionais (incentivos ou restrições e punições) para impulsionar ou tolher as possibilidades de desenvolvimento nacional. A partir do referencial do institucionalismo histórico, do método histórico-comparativo, da análise institucional com foco nas políticas (“policy-focused analysis”) e da análise exploratória de dados, foi dado tratamento empírico a 38.706 decisões presidenciais. A pesquisa evidencia o quanto as políticas presidenciais fazem toda a diferença na trajetória de um país, e o quanto o lócus da governança no presidencialismo, como não poderia deixar de ser, é o Poder Executivo, e não o Congresso, ao contrário do que boa parte da Ciência Política brasileira ainda insiste. Em termos mais específicos sobre os dois presidentes analisados, foi possível entender mais claramente o papel de Campos Salles muito além da política dos governadores, situando-o na trajetória de construção do Estado brasileiro como protagonista de um momento essencial do processo de estruturação da maquinaria de arrecadação de impostos e do aparato repressivo. Percebe-se também o quanto seu modelo de governança moldou um liberalismo brasileiro de feições sisudas, de perfil elitista, francamente antipopular e de políticas restritivas. Por outro lado, Getúlio Vargas, tido como pai dos pobres e da industrialização brasileira, foi aos poucos se transformando de político insurgente em político tradicional. Enfático na defesa da industrialização, na prática, seus maiores esforços foram dedicados à modernização da agricultura. O trabalhismo e o industrialismo de Vargas foram tardios e envoltos pela mitologia de sua cartatestamento. A linha central de sua política social, com a retaguarda dos interventores, nos Estados, e do sindicalismo oficial, era sobretudo calcada no assistencialismo. Sua política de desenvolvimento andava de mãos dadas com a política do atraso, em um equilíbrio instável e, ao fim e ao cabo, insustentável. Finalmente, a tese propõe uma metodologia própria para analisar decisões presidenciais, tornando possível comparar, doravante, Deodoro da Fonseca e José Sarney, Fernando Collor e Jânio Quadros, Campos Salles e Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Getúlio Vargas e Lula da Silva, Juscelino Kubitschek e Dilma Rousseff. Não só para descobrir o que podem ter de similaridade, mas o quanto evitaram repetir seus predecessores. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / The research investigates the role of presidents to state-building processes and development in Brazil. The presidencies of Campos Salles and Getúlio Vargas are compared in order to accomplish the specific objective of understanding how presidents, exercising state powers, employ institutional resources (incentives and restrictions or punishments) to boost or limit the possibilities of national development. The historical institutionalist approach, the historical-comparative method, the policy-focused analysis, and the exploratory data analysis are employed on the empirical treatment of a database of 38,706 presidential decisions. The research shows what a difference presidential policies make to the trajectory of a country, and reinforce the assumption that the Executive Branch is the locus of governance in presidentialism, contrary to the mainstream of Brazilian Political Science focus on Congress. About the two Brazilian presidents, in more specific terms, it was possible to understand more clearly the role of Campos Salles. Beyond the politics of governors, he was the protagonist of a moment of state building process when the machinery of tax collection and the repressive apparatus were structured. His model of governance taylored Brazilian liberalism in tightly stern features, elitist driven, harshly unpopular, and of restrictive policies. Moreover, Getulio Vargas, who was self-depicted as a father for the poors and the president of industrialization, began as a political insurgent and became a traditional politician. Despite the emphatic defense of industrialization, in practice, their best efforts were devoted to the modernization of agriculture. His late labourism and industrialism were wrapped by mythology of his political testament. His policy of development has gone hand in hand with the politics of backwardness, in an unstable equilibrium. The thesis also offers a methodology for analyzing presidential decisions, making it possible henceforth to compare of different times, as Deodoro da Fonseca and José Sarney, Fernando Collor and Jânio Quadros, Campos Salles and Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Getúlio Vargas and Lula da Silva, Dilma Rousseff and Juscelino Kubitschek. Presidents may be compared not only to look for similarities, but also for the differences that make them able to avoid repeating their predecessors.

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