Ce travail a pour objectif d’analyser la poésie de Cruz e Sousa, du point de vue des théories sur l’imaginaire. En ce sens, le trajet esthétique parcouru par le poète sera évalué à partir d’une vision dualistique qui émane du plan terrestre et arrive à la révélation d’un état métaphysique qui se projette au long de son parcours poétique. Pour établir des analogies entre les images poétiques, on va chercher une convergence herméneutique, en utilisant des interprétations qui ne soient pas rédutrices, mais qui élargissent l’univers des signifiés que son oeuvre évoque. La lyrique de l’auteur de Broquéis est gouvernée surtout par le régime quotidien de l’imagination, lequel est dévoilé par les images antithétiques qui réitèrent constamment la scission interne, la tension insoluble de l’être humain, divisé entre l’eternel et l’éphémère. L’étude de la poésie de Cruz e Sousa révèle que le poète a aperçu l’art comme une instance capable de transmuter la souffrance en objet esthétique. / O presente estudo propõe-se a analisar a poesia de Cruz e Sousa à luz de teorias do imaginário. Nesse sentido, será avaliado o trajeto estético do poeta a partir de uma visão dualística que parte do plano terrestre e chega à revelação de um estado metafísico, que se projeta ao longo de seu percurso poético. Para estabelecer analogias entre imagens poéticas, busca-se uma convergência hermenêutica, lançando-se mão de interpretações que não sejam redutoras, mas que ampliem o universo de significados que sua obra evoca. A lírica do autor de Broquéis é regida, sobretudo, pelo regime diurno da imaginação, desvelado através de imagens antitéticas, que reiteram constantemente a cisão interna, a tensão insolúvel do ser humano, dividido entre eterno e o efêmero. O estudo da poesia de Cruz e Sousa revela que o poeta percebeu a arte como instância capaz de transmutar o sofrimento em objeto estético.

Pendant longtemps, l’oeuvre de Cruz e Sousa a été expliquée par des facteurs biographiques, parmi lesquels son origine africaine. Jusqu’à présent, la biographie est le principal fondement de la grande quantité de textes critiques produits sur le poète depuis l’époque où il vivait. Dans ce travail, nous chercherons à produire une analyse de Cruz e Sousa et de sa poétique centrée sur les textes. Nous considérons que, comme n’importe quel autre poète, il doit être évalué par des caractéristiques esthétiques et par son impressionnant potentiel à produire des sens multiples, en promouvant les plus différentes interprétations. En résumé, vu l’importance de Cruz e Sousa pour la littérature brésilienne, sa position canonique entre nos auteurs ne peut pas être expliquée que par une vie de souffrances. La contradiction supposée par une bonne partie de la critique entre être noir et symboliste est encore moins satisfaisante pour révéler la richesse de son processus poétique. Nous questionnerons des lectures faites précédemment de son oeuvre, mais nous n’affirmerons pas la lecture raciale simplement dépassée. Elle a autant de force dans la tradition critique que nous considérons insuffisant d’affirmer ce dépassement sans le discuter et, en même temps, nous essaierons de comprendre comment elle peut aussi contribuer à la multiplicité de sens que Cruz e Sousa crée dans ses textes. Nous discuterons les images de sa poésie, en confrontant leurs sens jusqu’à ce que nous arrivions au démantèlement d’une logique sémantique superficielle, en démontrant que l’utilisation de Cruz e Sousa de mots est caractéristiquement symbolique. Aucun de ses termes favoris comme “virginité”, “Satan”, “Christ”, “Afrique”, “blanche”, “noire” ne peuvent être compris de manière satisfaisante avec moins de deux ou trois sens simultanés. Ces sens, en général, sont même contradictoires, caractéristique qui transforme, comme nous le démontrerons, de tels mots quotidiens en des vrais symboles, permettant de reconnaître une base de travail de langage d’une profondeur sous-estimée par la lecture qui désire trouver dans sa biographie la raison et la compréhension ultimes de ses textes. / A obra de Cruz e Sousa foi explicada, por muito tempo, por fatores biográficos, entre os quais a sua origem africana. A biografia, até hoje, é o principal fundamento de significativa quantidade de textos críticos produzidos sobre o poeta desde a época em que estava vivo. Neste trabalho, buscamos produzir uma análise de Cruz e Sousa e de sua poética centrada nos textos. Consideramos que, como qualquer outro poeta, ele deve ser avaliado por características estéticas e por seu impressionante potencial de produzir múltiplos sentidos, promovendo as mais diferentes interpretações. Tendo Cruz e Sousa a relevância que possui para a literatura brasileira, sua posição canônica entre os nossos autores não pode ser explicada apenas por uma vida sofrida. A contradição suposta por boa parte da crítica entre ser negro e simbolista é ainda menos satisfatória para revelar a riqueza de seu processo poético. Questionamos leituras anteriormente feitas de sua obra, mas não afirmamos a leitura racial simplesmente superada. Ela tem tanta força na tradição crítica que consideramos insuficiente afirmar essa superação sem discuti-la e, ao mesmo tempo, procuramos entender como ela também pode contribuir na demonstração da multiplicidade de sentidos que Cruz e Sousa cria em seus textos. Discutimos as imagens de sua poesia, confrontando seus sentidos até encontrarmos o esfacelamento de uma lógica semântica superficial, demonstrando que o uso cruz-sousiano de palavras é caracteristicamente simbólico. Nenhum de seus termos prediletos como “virgindade”, “Satã”, “Cristo”, “África”, “branca”, “negra” podem ser satisfatoriamente compreendidos com menos do que dois ou três sentidos simultâneos. Essas significações, em geral, são mesmo contraditórias, característica que transforma, como demonstraremos, tais palavras cotidianas em verdadeiros símbolos, permitindo reconhecer uma base de trabalho de linguagem de uma profundidade subestimada pela leitura que quer encontrar em sua biografia o motivo e a compreensão últimos de seus textos.

This study provides an introduction to Rudolf Steiner's ideas on music and music education and describes how these ideas have been adapted and applied in Grades One through Three in North American Waldorf Schools. Included in the study are: Steiner's basic philosophical concepts relating to music and music education; Steiner's rationale for aesthetic and music education; a description of the Waldorf approach to music teaching; results of a questionnaire sent to twenty-three Waldorf Schools in North America; a comparison of Steiner's key ideas on music education with those of Orff, Kodaly, and Dalcroze. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

A Russian composer of French descent, Georgy L'vovich Catoire (also often spelled "Katuar") (1861-1926) is one of the most neglected composers of the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Catoire composed a number of piano pieces, most of which are chamber and solo works. These pieces are rarely studied or performed in the West. This study makes an attempt to fill this void. It thoroughly investigates Catoire's life, as well as looks into his genealogy, since his family was influential in commercial, political and cultural life of Russia for more than a hundred years. It also discusses his works for piano, with particular emphasis on Poem, Second Sonata for Violin and Piano, Op. 20. This sonata exemplifies the composer's mature style, characterized by the refinement of the harmonic and rhythmical ideas, while demonstrating melodious ingenuity and clear structural form. To date, there is no known study on this subject of such scope both in Russian and in English languages.

The purpose of this thesis was to trace the pattern of Mormon immigration from Europe and the eastern United States during the decade of the 1860s. Although the initial Mormon migration of 1847 has recieved extensive attention from historians, later organized movements into the Great Basin by immigrant Mormon groups has remained virtually untouched. This thesis traces the formation, organization, and implementation of the church train emigration from Europe and the eastern United States. Also, it details its organization from the church hierarchy, as well as the extensive participation by the Mormon population as a whole. A primary focus of the thesis centered on the pervasive comraderie and sacrifice of the Mormons living in Utah. With the pragmatic leadership of Brigham Young, coupled with the superb organizational apparatus of the church train system, the Mormon church was afforded the opportunity to aid more than twenty thousand converts to immigrate to Utah Territory from 1861-1868. In addition, this study concerned itself with an unprecedented occurrence in the field of nineteenth century transportation. By utilizing the church train system adroitly, the Mormons were the first and only organization to journey both to and from the Missouri River (with large emigrant companies), in one season. This was an extremely important breakthrough in nineteenth century transportation and deserves greater attention from historians. The history of the church train emigration was both unique and successful. It presents a prime example of Mormon organizational abilities in the face of complex and difficult impediments.

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The purpose of this study was to analyze and assess the attitude of Lincoln and Congress toward emancipation of slaves during the Civil War.Hypotheses1. Abraham Lincoln, as the sixteenth President of the United States, was determined to preserve the Union and to preserve slavery where it existed.2. The Thirty-Seventh Congress of the United States was determined to preserve the Union and to preserve slavery where it existed.3. Lincoln showed enthusiasm toward emancipation of slaves.4. Lincoln was sensitive to the needs and desires of freed slaves.5. The Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves.Historical FindingsThe five historical hypotheses evaluated in this study reveal significant information and they are explained below:1. Abraham Lincoln, as the sixteenth President of the United States, was determined to save the Union. Therefore, the hypothesis that Abraham Lincoln, as the sixteenth President of the United States, was determined to abolish slavery is historically rejected.2. The Thirty-Seventh Congress of the United States was determined to save the Union. Therefore, the hypothesis that the Thirty-Seventh Congress of the United States was determined to abolish slavery is historically rejected.3. Lincoln showed enthusiasm toward gradual emancipation of slaves with compensation. Therefore, the hypothesis that Lincoln showed enthusiasm toward outright emancipation of slaves is historically rejected. 4. Lincoln was not sensitive to the needs and desires of Negroes, because this concern was overshadowed by his immediate desires to retain the Union. Therefore, the hypothesis that Lincoln was sensitive to the needs and desires of Negroes is historically rejected.5. The Emancipation Proclamation did not free slaves because of the following three reasons:(1) the Emancipation Proclamation applied to slaves in areas still under the control of the Confederacy; (2) the limitations of the Emancipation Proclamation made it a paper tiger; (3) the Emancipation Proclamation applied to slaves located where it had no power to execute its provisions.