Master of Science

Master of Science

The work of Czapek (1) was partially checked and slightly extended. The results of Risi and Labrie (2) were checked. Hoffmeister’s (3) work was checked, all except the two percent yield which he claimed to have obtained. A considerable amount of work was done in an effort to obtain sufficient crystalline material to identify. This was only partially realized. It was possible to obtain crystals in a yellow oil by extracting the hadromal mixture with ligroin. These crystals were aldehydic in nature. Because of the large amount of oil present it was not possible to obtain crystals pure enough to identify positively. It is believed in view of the experimental evidence that these crystals were coniferyl aldehyde. They gave similar color tests, were identical in crystalline structure, and similar in odor to a known sample of coniferyl aldehyde. The white solid that was isolated :from the hadromal mixture by the method of Czapek seemed to be pure, as shown by the melting point which was 78°C. This compound was partially identified as a hydroxy aromatic aldehyde. This compound was not a color producing component of woody tissue which was shown by the fact that when treated with such reagents as phloroglucinol and hydrochloric acid, no color was produced. Because of the large amount of impurities obtained by the previous method, a new method of separation was worked out, which consisted of extracting the benzene solution of hadromal with 5% solutions of NaHCO₃, Na₂CO₃, and NaOH respectively. This separated the hadromal mixture into four distinct groups with varying degrees of purity. The first two extracts on treatment with boiling ligroin gave minute crystals almost free of oils that were identical in crystalline structure, and similar in odor to coniferyl aldehyde. These first two fractions gave the characteristic color reactions of woody tissue, while the other two fractions failed to give these tests. The next step is to take the four fractions of the hadromal mixture, and work out a suitable method of purification. In this manner it is believed that it will be possible to isolate and identify the components of the complex mixture. / M.S.

Academic study of women and WW1 literature has taken place since the 1970s, with a focus on female novelists published pre-1939. Despite the variety of studies, questions remain as to whether the breadth of women’s roles in WW1 is accurately represented in fiction. The purpose of this study was to examine female characters in WW1 novels (published in Britain) who challenge traditional war binarisms i.e. war (male)/peace (female), by taking on war work. It specifically compared novels published pre-1939 and historical (post-1939) novels written by both female and male novelists. The methods employed were the critical reading of forty novels, as well as data collection related to the roles of female characters and the language used to describe them. he study found that there is little representation of women’s war work in the forty novels. A key factor is that they are by middle class authors and written from a middle class point of view. Although historical novels are often used to re-imagine the role of women, WW1 is an exception. Key factors here include the perpetuation of stereotype and nervousness around detracting from the horrific experiences of the male soldier. Challenges to binarisms in subsequent wars (e.g. women in the armed services) have not stimulated a re-visioning of women’s roles in WW1. Society will continue to accept and endorse traditional binarisms, if they are not challenged by cultural representations of war. There is no novel based on the female military experience of WW1. In response, I was inspired to write a historical novel: The Half-Painted War. The protagonist is a female artist who enrols in the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC). It is intended as an act of remembrance but also allows the reader to consider the role of women in the military, both in WW1 and today.

O aumento da importância que se tem dado ao objeto na constituição do psiquismo ao longo da história da psicanálise nos tem levado a reflexões acerca da constituição ou instalação da subjetividade, e ao exame detido das condições do psiquismo do outro, para além dos aspectos constitucionais ou idiossincráticos do sujeito. Indagações acerca do estatuto desta figura a que chamamos objeto apontam irremediavelmente para o mesmo lugar – o ego – sendo ambos parte de um quadro maior que podemos chamar subjetividade. O objetivo deste trabalho é percorrer os meandros da constituição e instalação da subjetividade, em que as figuras do sujeito e do objeto (ou de um eu e um outro) encontrarão seu lugar, sustentação e dissonâncias. Isto é realizado através do percurso, no texto de Freud, de conceitos, idéias e sentidos implícitos cabíveis nessa discussão. Abordo a natureza ambivalente do vínculo sujeito-objeto, no qual se evidenciam as dificuldades de delimitar objeto e sujeito sem que isto signifique alguma imbricação entre os conceitos ou noções de cada um. É preciso pensar em níveis simultâneos de constituição subjetiva, um de diferenciação e outro de indiferenciação, que se exigem. Cria-se, a partir de um momento originário, antes de haver um ego, uma condição de reflexividade que denomino si, e uma região primitiva de alteridade que denomino não-si. Este si é o primeiro depositário do investimento a que chamamos narcisismo primário. Ao longo da vida do sujeito, este si geralmente coincidirá com o ego, e será somente numa experiência estranha que ele poderá dar-se conta daquilo que estou chamando de descentramento subjetivo. A ferida tocada, justamente, é a suposta natureza sintética dos processos do ego, habitualmente ancorada na experiência de identidade. É na expressão freudiana de uma “estrutura do ego" que encontramos apoio para abordar o atravessamento interno que o sujeito sofre do objeto, uma estrutura que excede a função egóica, e que, não obstante, diz respeito ao eu. Também o viés econômico na psicanálise, através da pulsão, do traumático e da repetição – elementos que perfazem o vínculo sujeito-objeto –, tem um papel fundamental para a compreensão da constituição dos lugares subjetivos, do eu e do outro. / The increasing importance having been given to the object on the constitution of the psyche throughout the history of psychoanalysis has been leading us to reflections about the constitution or installation of subjectivity and to a thorough exam of the conditions of the psyche of the other, beyond the constitutional or idiosyncratic aspects of the subject. Scrutiny of the status of this notion we term object point irrevocably to the same place – the ego – both of which are part of a larger scene that can be termed subjectivity. The aim of the present work is to go through the paths of the constitution and installation of subjectivity, in which the notions of subject and object (or of I and other) shall find their ground, support and dissonances. The afore-mentioned is accomplished through the investigation, in the work of Freud, of concepts, ideas and implicit meanings pertinent to the present discussion. The ambivalent nature of the subject-object link is addressed, wherein lie the difficulties of delimitating object and subject without this meaning some imbrication between the concepts or notions of the two. Concomitant levels of subjective constitution must be regarded, one of differentiation and other of undifferentiation, both mutually dependant on each other. From a primary moment, prior to the emergence of the ego, there is the creation of a reflexivity condition that I call ‘impersonal self’, alongside a primitive alterity region I term ‘impersonal non-self’. This ‘impersonal self’ is the first repository of the cathexis we term primary narcissism. Throughout the subject’s life, this ‘impersonal self’ will usually coincide with the ego, and it is only in an uncanny experience that he will be able to gain awareness of what I am calling ‘subjective decentering’. The touched wound is precisely the alleged synthetic nature of the ego processes, customarily anchored in the experience of identity. It is in Freud’s expression of a “structure of the ego" that we find support to address the internal crossing that the subject suffers from the object, a structure that exceeds the ego function and, nonetheless, refers to the I. Furthermore, the economic standpoint in psychoanalysis, through the instinct, trauma and repetition – elements that shape the subject-object link – has a fundamental role in the understanding of the constitution of subjective positions, of the I and the other.

I argue that Margaret Atwood’s work in MaddAddam is about survival; it is about moving beyond preconceived, thoughtless ideology of any form with creative kinship. Cooperation and engagement cannot be planned in advance, and must take the form of something more than pre-established ideology. I will discuss MaddAddam in light of Donna Haraway’s recent work in which she argues that multispecies acknowledgement and collaboration are essential if humans are to survive and thrive in the coming centuries. By bringing the two texts into dialogue, one sees that Atwood’s novel constitutes the kind of story deemed necessary by Haraway for making kin in the Chthulucene. Various scenes depicting cooperation and interdependence among humans and other animals offer chthonic models of kinship; these relationships, as opposed to ideological and anthropocentric isolation, will serve as the means of surviving and thriving within an ongoing apocalypse. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2018. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Observa-se, na atualidade, um expressivo aumento na quantidade de pessoas que sofre de obesidade. Embora sejam apontados os fatores psicológicos envolvidos nessa perturbação alimentar, a maioria das ações de tratamento é feita somente sobre o organismo, e na modelagem de comportamento, sem levar em conta a dinâmica psíquica que opera nesses casos. Nesse contexto, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo geral examinar, a partir do referencial freudiano, como a obesidade se articula à busca por um corpo ideal e aos sintomas relacionados às patologias da alimentação. Dessa forma, espera-se contribuir para o estudo da metapsicologia da obesidade, no campo das psicopatologias contemporâneas relacionadas ao corpo, assim como obter subsídios para a clínica psicanalítica no contexto hospitalar. Nesse sentido, ao tematizar a articulação entre o corpo, do ponto de vista do referencial freudiano, e a noção de corpo no âmbito da Medicina, objetivou-se delinear instrumentos que auxiliassem no tratamento de pacientes obesos, obtendo-se elementos para se investigar a formação de novos sintomas após tratamentos mais invasivos como a cirurgia bariátrica, já que a redução de peso não impede sua formação. Para a realização dessa pesquisa, foram examinados textos freudianos e seus comentadores referenciados ao tema, e foi feita uma revisão da bibliografia existente. / It is observed nowadays a significant increase in the amount of people suffering from obesity. Although have been highlighted the psychological factors involved in this disturbance food, the majority of the procedures of treatment is done only on the body and the modeling of behavior, without regard the psychological dynamics that operates in such cases. In this context, the present study aimed to examine, from the Freudian referential, as obesity is articulated to the search for an ideal body and linked to the symptoms of food diseases. Thus, it is expected to contribute to the study of metapsychology of obesity, in the field of contemporary psychopathologies related to the body, as well as obtaining subsidies for the psychoanalytic clinic in hospitals. So, when you put in evidence the link between the body, in the view of the Freudian reference, and the notion of the body as part of Medicine, the aims was to shape up tools that helped in the treatment of obese patients, obtaining data to investigate the appearance of new symptoms after more invasive treatments such as bariatric surgery, because the reduction in weight does not prevent their formation. To carry out this search, Freudian texts were examined and its commentators referred to the issue, and then was made a review of the literature.

O aumento da importância que se tem dado ao objeto na constituição do psiquismo ao longo da história da psicanálise nos tem levado a reflexões acerca da constituição ou instalação da subjetividade, e ao exame detido das condições do psiquismo do outro, para além dos aspectos constitucionais ou idiossincráticos do sujeito. Indagações acerca do estatuto desta figura a que chamamos objeto apontam irremediavelmente para o mesmo lugar – o ego – sendo ambos parte de um quadro maior que podemos chamar subjetividade. O objetivo deste trabalho é percorrer os meandros da constituição e instalação da subjetividade, em que as figuras do sujeito e do objeto (ou de um eu e um outro) encontrarão seu lugar, sustentação e dissonâncias. Isto é realizado através do percurso, no texto de Freud, de conceitos, idéias e sentidos implícitos cabíveis nessa discussão. Abordo a natureza ambivalente do vínculo sujeito-objeto, no qual se evidenciam as dificuldades de delimitar objeto e sujeito sem que isto signifique alguma imbricação entre os conceitos ou noções de cada um. É preciso pensar em níveis simultâneos de constituição subjetiva, um de diferenciação e outro de indiferenciação, que se exigem. Cria-se, a partir de um momento originário, antes de haver um ego, uma condição de reflexividade que denomino si, e uma região primitiva de alteridade que denomino não-si. Este si é o primeiro depositário do investimento a que chamamos narcisismo primário. Ao longo da vida do sujeito, este si geralmente coincidirá com o ego, e será somente numa experiência estranha que ele poderá dar-se conta daquilo que estou chamando de descentramento subjetivo. A ferida tocada, justamente, é a suposta natureza sintética dos processos do ego, habitualmente ancorada na experiência de identidade. É na expressão freudiana de uma “estrutura do ego” que encontramos apoio para abordar o atravessamento interno que o sujeito sofre do objeto, uma estrutura que excede a função egóica, e que, não obstante, diz respeito ao eu. Também o viés econômico na psicanálise, através da pulsão, do traumático e da repetição – elementos que perfazem o vínculo sujeito-objeto –, tem um papel fundamental para a compreensão da constituição dos lugares subjetivos, do eu e do outro. / The increasing importance having been given to the object on the constitution of the psyche throughout the history of psychoanalysis has been leading us to reflections about the constitution or installation of subjectivity and to a thorough exam of the conditions of the psyche of the other, beyond the constitutional or idiosyncratic aspects of the subject. Scrutiny of the status of this notion we term object point irrevocably to the same place – the ego – both of which are part of a larger scene that can be termed subjectivity. The aim of the present work is to go through the paths of the constitution and installation of subjectivity, in which the notions of subject and object (or of I and other) shall find their ground, support and dissonances. The afore-mentioned is accomplished through the investigation, in the work of Freud, of concepts, ideas and implicit meanings pertinent to the present discussion. The ambivalent nature of the subject-object link is addressed, wherein lie the difficulties of delimitating object and subject without this meaning some imbrication between the concepts or notions of the two. Concomitant levels of subjective constitution must be regarded, one of differentiation and other of undifferentiation, both mutually dependant on each other. From a primary moment, prior to the emergence of the ego, there is the creation of a reflexivity condition that I call ‘impersonal self’, alongside a primitive alterity region I term ‘impersonal non-self’. This ‘impersonal self’ is the first repository of the cathexis we term primary narcissism. Throughout the subject’s life, this ‘impersonal self’ will usually coincide with the ego, and it is only in an uncanny experience that he will be able to gain awareness of what I am calling ‘subjective decentering’. The touched wound is precisely the alleged synthetic nature of the ego processes, customarily anchored in the experience of identity. It is in Freud’s expression of a “structure of the ego” that we find support to address the internal crossing that the subject suffers from the object, a structure that exceeds the ego function and, nonetheless, refers to the I. Furthermore, the economic standpoint in psychoanalysis, through the instinct, trauma and repetition – elements that shape the subject-object link – has a fundamental role in the understanding of the constitution of subjective positions, of the I and the other.

Em Setembro de 1939, e seguindo a sua política expansionista, Hitler invade a Polónia, reivindicando a cidade livre de Danzig e o corredor polaco. Salazar, perante tal conflito, reage adoptando uma política de neutralidade mantendo Portugal afastado de um conflito internacional. Verificamos contudo que, para além de querer garantir a aliança secular com a Inglaterra, o seu ressentimento com as afirmações polacas sobre a gestão colonial portuguesa, feitas anteriormente, e o facto de existir alguma afinidade ideológica com a Alemanha nazi desempenharão um papel importante na posição que Portugal teve no conflito germano-polaco. Não é por acaso, que Salazar acreditava que a Alemanha tinha uma certa razão ao invadir a Polónia a 1 de Setembro de 1939.

"April 2004" / Bibliography: leaves 284-295. / viii, 295 leaves ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / This thesis discusses the work of the author Lily Brett, both in terms of the themes explored in her writing, and the political and historical contexts. The interrelationships between history, memory, identity and literature are explored in order to explain both the themes of Brett's writing, and how this writing is shaped by, and shapes, contemporary discourses on Jewish identity and the Holocaust. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, School of Social Sciences, Discipline of Gender Studies, 2004