M.A. / As a way of demonstrating the truth of the argument that war is a catalyst for social change, the Second World War added impetus to the transformation of the social standing of South African Blacks, black workers in particular. Although the war was not necessarily being fought for their benefit, but because of South Africa's political allegiance to the allied forces and consequent entry into the war, black workers were all the same affected by it. The outbreak of the Second World War, placed immense pressure on the black workers, especially between 1941 and 1947. Shortage of skilled white labour, as a result of their (whites) enlistment for the War effort, created a situation of labour necessity in both mining and manufacturing. As such, hundreds of Blacks migrated from the rural areas to the cities, especially the Witwatersrand in search of better paying jobs that could offer better social conditions. The emphasis on the need for labour and the resultant abundance thereof also influenced the emphasis on the need for cheap labour, more than skill, as a precondition to getting employment. The bottom-line was availability of labour for War production. Furthermore, in order to ensure availability of labour, the pass laws were temporarily suspended. Because of the objective of expending every effort to winning the War against Germany, War-time considerations forced the state and employers to preach about the suspension of pass laws for the sake of lesser restriction of movement of Blacks into towns. As a result, War-time necessity of labour also saw black women increasingly joining the labour world from the rural areas; that is if they succeeded in acquiring work. Failure to acquire work did not necessarily force women back to the rural areas, because they usually opted for alternatives to formal labour to survive War-time inflation and poverty: in other words to at least make ends meet. The alternatives were already familiar to them, maybe this explains why they opted for them. These were domestic labour, beerbrewing and prostitution, among others. Men also chose domestic labour, hawking, the canteen business, as alternatives in the event of failing to benefit from the job opportunities availed by the War. However, the opening up of job opportunities that resulted from the outbreak of the Second World War also had an influence on the issue of wages and conditions of work. War-time economic conditions caused the wages to remain static, increased overtime work and contributed to employment reduction. As War-time inflation continued to bite, the majority of the black population suffered from adverse poverty and shortage of civilian commodities aggravated the situation. These circumstances forced black workers, although it was illegal, to adopt trade unionism as a weapon to fight for better social conditions. The "rebirth" of the black trade union movement was, however, instigated by the inherent objectives of the Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA) and the African National Congress (ANC), which took advantage of the War time social discrepancies that influenced the lives of black workers. The success in revitalizing black trade unionism, after the Industrial and Commercial Workers Union (ICU) had closed shop in the 1930's, can be measured by the success in unionizing, not only manufacturing workers, but mineworkers as well, who were handicapped by being confined to the compounds, where activism was actually prohibited. The success of the trade union movement can also be measured by Wartime socio-economic grievances that were translated into a number of strikes that culminated in the mineworkers' strike of 1946. Although the strike of 1946 was not a great success in realising workers' demands, it certainly shook the government and employers from their ideological numbness, and made them aware that black workers were not to be necessarily taken for granted.

No description available.

This thesis is the first study of Church of Scotland chaplains serving with the Army during the Second World War. It explores the way in which the Church of Scotland accepted the challenge of the Second World War and how the Presbyterian chaplains were recruited, trained and how they performed their ministerial duties under wartime conditions. The thesis opens with an examination of the Church of Scotland during the inter-war years, with particular attention to the background of those ministers who were ordained in the 1930s and who were later recruited as Army Chaplains from 1939-45. The discussion highlights pacifism, anti-Semitism, and the Scottish response on the German Church struggle. The thesis then considers from a Scottish perspective the history of the Royal Army Chaplains' Department and the involvement of the Church of Scotland Chaplains' Committee in looking after the interests of Presbyterian chaplains and Scottish soldiers at home and overseas. The thesis considers the factors which led ministers to enlist as chaplains, and assesses the training which they received. It shows how Scottish chaplains integrated with both officers and men and the contribution they made to the moral and spiritual life of many units. Inevitably a number of chaplains were captured in the course of their duty and taken as prisoners of war. This thesis includes a chapter on ministry in the POW camps. The thesis includes two case studies on the wartime experiences of the Very Rev Prof. T.F. Torrance and the Very Rev Dr. R. Selby Wright. Torrance was enlisted into the Church of Scotland Huts and Canteens organisation and saw active service in Italy. Selby Wright meanwhile enlisted as a TA chaplain in 1939 but was later seconded to the BBC as the "Radio Padre". Finally, this thesis concludes with a chapter in which the chaplains are allowed to reflect on their wartime experience and an assessment is made of the overall work and worth of this particular wartime ministry.

Permission from the author to digitize this work is pending. Please contact the ICS library if you would like to view this work.

This thesis examines the handling of the public relations and subsequent news reporting of the 1942 Dieppe raid. Based on official communiques the Canadian newspapers initially portrayed Dieppe as success and featured human-interest stories written by war correspondents. The revelations of the heavy casualties and a more detailed explanation led some newspapers to criticize the raid, although their reactions reflected their political positions. The Canadian military conducted a campaign to sell the value of Dieppe to the Canadian public, largely patterned on the public relations plans of Mountbatten's Combined Operations Headquarters that distracted fiom failure by emphasising heroism, alleged successes, and the lessons learned. War correspondents actively assisted the military's publicity efforts. General McNaughton wanted a more truthful account, but ultimately chose coalition needs over accurate independent publicity. The information campaign although persuasive for many, left numerous Canadians unconvinced that the raid was successful.

While personal accounts and interpretive overviews have been written about the allied invasion and occupation of Italy during World War II, this study is the first to utilize recently published American Foreign Relations volumes dealing with the wartime conferences. Organized into five chapters, the study surveys allied conferences leading to the invasion of Italy, Italian political developments during occupation, and allied relief and rehabilitation efforts. The conclusions are that Churchill, while correct in .assessing Italy's strategic value, undermined his own policy through political meddling and a desire for revenge. In combination with Roosevelt, whose interest in Italy was political and at best marginal, Churchill needlessly delayed stabilization of Italian economic and political conditions.

Orientador: Irineu Bicudo / Banca: Ricardo César Gonçalves Santana / Banca: Henrique Lazari / Banca: Gustavo Barbosa / Banca: Paulo Celso Russi de Carvalho / Resumo: Esta tese parte do seguinte problema de pesquisa - quais conhecimentos e experiências levaram o matemático Norbert Wiener a desenvolver a sua teoria cibernética e quais as consequências decorrentes desse modo sistêmico de pensamento? Como objetivo geral pretendeu-se elaborar uma reconstituição histórica do surgimento e evolução da Teoria Cibernética, por meio da história de seu idealizador, Norbert Wiener, de modo a compreender as ideias que o levaram à construção de sua teoria. Integra o escopo deste trabalho entender a lógica matemática que levou Wiener a conceber sua teoria cibernética e, também, a sua teoria da comunicação; relacionar os aspectos técnicos e sua abrangência, bem como a problemática, social e científica, que a Cibernética impõe ao mundo contemporâneo. O locus temporal desta pesquisa delimita-se, historicamente, entre 1894 e 1964, anos relativos ao nascimento e morte de Norbert Wiener, respectivamente. Busca-se construir uma história não se atendo somente às obras e documentos de Wiener, os fatos descritos, mas também compreender as relações que se deram por meio dos fatos, suas problematizações e seu contexto histórico. Para tanto, utilizou-se da pesquisa bibliográfica e documental baseada nas obras e documentos de Norbert Wiener. Em síntese, as considerações finais apontam que a cibernética tem como característica fundamental a interdisciplinaridade e abrange todo o campo da teoria do comando, controle e transmissão de informações. Destaca-se, ainda, a... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This thesis of the following research problem - what knowledge and experiences have led the mathematician Norbert Wiener to develop their cybernetic theory and what the consequences of systemic way of thinking? As a general objective was intended to establish a historical reconstruction of the emergence and evolution of Cybernetics Theory, through the story of its creator, Norbert Wiener, so as to understand the ideas that led to the construction of his theory. The scope of this paper too search understand the mathematical logic that led Wiener to design their cybernetic theory and also its communication theory; relate the technical aspects and its comprehensiveness as well as the problems, and social science, the cybernetics require the contemporary world. The temporal locus of this research is delimited historically, between 1894 and 1964, years for the birth and death of Norbert Wiener, respectively. Seeks to build a story, not only attend to the works and Wiener documents, the facts described, but also understand the relationships that occurred through the facts, their problematizations and its historical context. For that, we used the bibliographical and documentary research based on the works and documents of Norbert Wiener. In summary, the conclusions point cybernetic has the fundamental characteristic the interdisciplinarity and comprise the entire field of the theory of command, control and transmission of information. It is noteworthy also the strong influence of... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

This thesis explores the experiences of a South Florida klezmer ensemble known as the Holocaust Survivor Band. The group was co-founded by Saul Dreier, then an 89-year-old resident of Coconut Creek, Florida, and Reuwen "Ruby" Sosnowicz, 85 years old at the time, a Delray Beach, Florida, resident, in April 2014. Dreier was inspired to form a musical ensemble of Holocaust survivors after reading about the death of pianist and fellow Holocaust survivor Alice Herz-Sommer. Ruby's daughter Chana Sosnowicz joined the band as lead singer, and Holocaust survivor descendant Jeff Black joined as a guitar player. In sum, I tell the story of the Holocaust Survivor Band, a contemporary musical ensemble representative of a historically significant era. I emphasize the group's ability to represent the Holocaust era to present-day audiences. To demonstrate this, the ensemble's experiences are portrayed through statements and information from the band members themselves, through descriptions in various articles and media, through my observations of their performances and rehearsals, and through my interpretations of all these source materials. Based on this content, I present some generalizations about the band's significance. One of my more obvious conclusions is that the band serves as musical witnesses to the Holocaust by using their performances to remind people of the period and to share their life stories. As a result, the group contributes to the historical and collective memory of the Holocaust. This in turn can evoke nostalgic feelings within the band and audience, thus further establishing connections to the past. In addition, the band seeks to prevent genocide from happening again by promoting a message of peace in their music, particularly through their song "Peace for the World." Most importantly, Dreier and Sosnowicz are finding joy in music again after not playing or performing for a long time. All of this exemplifies how the ensemble has impacted both its members and those around them. / A Thesis submitted to the College of Music in partial fulfillment of the Master of Music. / Spring Semester 2016. / April 1, 2016. / Florida, Holocaust, klezmer, music, musicology, oral history / Includes bibliographical references. / Frank Gunderson, Professor Directing Thesis; Michael Bakan, Committee Member; Douglass Seaton, Committee Member.

This dissertation examines a key transformation in the history of Jewish nationalism in the 1940s - the decline of autonomist visions in Jewish national thought oriented toward Jewish life as a minority community in Eastern Europe, and the emergence of a Jewish ethnic-nation state in Palestine as the dominant mode of Jewish national expression. The main argument advanced in this dissertation is that this shift cannot be explained exclusively as a Jewish response to the Holocaust, but ought to situated as part of the larger process of the homogenization of the nation- state in East Central Europe during the war and in its immediate aftermath through genocide and ethnic cleansing, population transfers and the rejection of international norms regarding the protection of minorities. Drawing on a variety of archival and published sources in Hebrew, Yiddish and English, this study reconstructs the vibrant Jewish postwar planning scene in New- York, Palestine and London. From the start of the war tens of Jewish leaders and scholars, many whom had bee recent refugees from Europe, turned to plan for the Jewish future after the war. This dissertation examines how these Jewish leaders and thinkers grappled with the question of the future of the Jews as they debated whether Jews would be able reintegrate into Eastern Europe after the war, learned about the extermination of European Jewry and observed the ethnic transformation of the multiethnic East Central European landscape through wartime and postwar population transfers and ethnic cleansing.

A presente dissertação tem por objectivo retratar a visão portuguesa, nomeadamente do meio diplomático, sobre a entrada da Itália na Segunda Guerra Mundial, centrando-a no período que abrange o início do conflito a 1 de Setembro de 1939, aquando da declaração de não-beligerância italiana, até à confirmação da sua participação a 10 de Junho de 1940, data em que declara guerra aos Aliados. Foram abordados diversos pontos no âmbito da política externa italiana, como por exemplo, o conflito italo-abissínio, a participação da Itália na guerra civil espanhola, a formação do Eixo ou ainda a assinatura do Pacto de Aço, que funcionaram como contexto para entendermos as circunstâncias da entrada italiana na Segunda Guerra Mundial. Foi também necessária uma exposição básica sobre a gestão da política externa portuguesa no período preliminar do conflito para um melhor enquadramento da temática que se pretendeu retratar.