Master of Science

Master of Science

1. Improved conditions for the reaction of sodium on acetic anhydride were used. 2. From the products of this reaction sodium acetate, diacetyl, and resin were found. 3. Negative results for the formation of vinyl acetate and ethylidene diacetate were obtained. 4. The small amount of hydrogen produced in this reaction is believed to correspond to the presence of acetic acid as an impurity. (If it represents acetic acid then the acetic anhydride used contained from 0.02% to 0.07% acetic acid. If it were a product of the reaction then it represents a 0.04% to 0.12% enolization of the acetic anhydride in the reaction.) 5. A method for preparing practically 100% acetic anhydride was devised and checked. 6. The resin formed in this reaction is believed to be polymerized diacetyl built up from its dimer, dimethyl quinogen. 7. A possible formation of the resin is proposed. 8. The reaction of sodium on acetic anhydride at room temperature seems to proceed in the same way as at elevated temperatures only much slower with the production of a smaller percentage of resin. Contrary to Kalmin (1) no acetone was found in the products of the room temperature reaction. / M.S.

Master of Science

The importance of the feedwater problem and the meager knowledge of existing feedwater conditions make it desirable to conduct a study of boiler salines at the V.P.I. power plant. A determination of the critical concentrations of the boiler salines at various loads was to be made and an optimum operating concentration established. An investigation was to be made to determine the difference, if any, between the boiler salines taken from the steam drum and the boiler salines taken from the mud drum. A more efficient feedwater system was to be investigated. The ultimate purpose is, obviously, to improve the efficiency with which the water is used at the V.P.I. power plant. Besides the aid that such a study will be to the operators of the V.P.I. power plant, it is possible that men operating similar units elsewhere will also benefit by the information found. 1. The average concentration of total solids in the raw water was found to be 221 ppm. The average concentration of total solids in the feedwater was found to be 86 ppm. These values should be used in calculating boiler blow-down. 2. For a load of 25,000 lb./hr., carryover starts at a concentration of 4,500 ppm. Keeler Co. states that no trouble should be encountered under normal operation with a concentration of 3,500 ppm. The No. 5 Boiler can be safely operated at a concentration of 2,500 ppm. total solids. The boiler will operate at a concentration of 5,500 ppm. total solids if the load is constant. 3. A straight line relationship exists between methyl orange alkalinity and total solids. This is shown in Fig. 5. This graph should be used in the plant to convert “M. O.” to total solids. 4. Neither pH nor specific gravity should be used to control boiler saline concentration. 5. If foaming troubles are to be avoided, a method of rust removal from the feedwater must be found. 6. Boiler No. 5 should not be abused. Normal operation should involve no sudden increase in load in excess of 3,000 lb./hr. 7. Under present operating conditions, the blow-down should be reduced. 8. The proposed change should be adopted. / Master of Science

Master of Science

Master of Science

The following investigation was undertaken to find a method for the oxidative cleavage of the double bond, using oleic acid. The primary purpose of this investigation was to find a cheap method of splitting the double bond in oleic acid and obtaining the saturated fatty acids formed therefrom. The procedure used in the attempt to accomplish these results was the auto-oxidation of the oleic acid. This was carried out with and without a catalyst, and also, in the presence of a chemical oxidizing agent. The results from the runs, with and without a catalyst, were poor in that no split of the double bond took place, but in most cases more favorable results were obtained in the presence of catalysts. The results were positive in the one case in which the chemical oxidizing agent was used with the catalyst. This run gave a split of the double bond and warrants further investigation. 1. No split of the double linkage in oleic acid was obtained from its autoxidation over a period of four hundred twenty-five hours, with or without a catalyst. 2. The ozonide of oleic acid was not formed, although the presence of peroxide oxygen was detected. 3. Iron oxide (Fe₃O₄) was a positive autoxidation catalyst, whereas, vanadium pentoxide was a negative catalyst. 4. Cleavage of the double linkage was obtained when concentrated nitric acid was used as the oxidizing agent in presence of vanadium pentoxide as the catalyst. The split was very slight, as only 0.4 gram of suberic acid was isolated from 89.5 grams of oleic acid. / M.S.

No description available.

本文研究了弗吉尼亞.伍爾夫關於非個人化小說創作的現代主義美學思想，以及該思想在其小說中的體現。筆者認為伍爾夫的辯證式非個人化美學思想同時包含非個人化和作家個性特質，這集中體現在其鮮明的性別意識中。在伍爾夫看來，只有當作家在創作過程中保持著非個人化和超然的狀態，才可能創造出具有代表性和普遍意義的人物，且將作家自身的個性和性別特質完全地融入到文中。 / 本文第一章重點討論了伍爾夫的“雌雄同體“這一概念。此概念意在解決男女作家在其作品中表現出的干擾到作品藝術價值的個人憤恨情緒以及過度的性別意識。第二章分析了伍爾夫非個人化思想中的主體普遍性原則，指出作家應當將個人的，獨特的和特定的指代以及經歷提煉並轉化為具有更大包含性的共同經歷以及非個人化藝術。第三章研究了伍爾夫對於意識流小說的原創性貢獻，並提出其在自由間接引語這種敘述手法方面的創新有助於非個人化思想更全面的表述。續前三章分析了伍爾夫非個人化美學思想中緊密相連的三個組成部分之後，第四章探究了伍爾夫非個人化美學觀中非個人化和作家個性特質緊密相連的關係，指出伍爾夫所提出的“女性語句“強調了男女作家在創作過程中對其性別差異以及個性特色有所體現的重要性，並堅持只有當作家達到非個人化狀態後他們的作品才能全面地體現其個性特色。第五章嘗試使用伍爾夫的非個人化小說創作思想分析了她的三部小說，提出伍爾夫的非個人化思想與其作品間的呼應性。結論部分討論了伍爾夫和湯瑪斯.斯特恩斯.艾略特在非個人化美學觀點上的分歧和相似處並重申了本文的中心論點，即伍爾夫的辯證式非個人化小說創作美學思想同時包含了作家非個人化和個性特色。 / This dissertation is a study of Virginia Woolf’s modernist notion of impersonality in fiction writing and its exemplification in her novels. It argues that featured by a strong gender-consciousness, Woolf’s aesthetics of dialectical impersonality embraces both impersonality and personality. In Woolf’s view, only when the writer is impersonal and detached can he/she create characters of universal significance, with the writer’s unique personality and gender traits fully dissolved into the text. / Chapter One is centered around Woolf’s term "androgyny", which deals with the problem of bitter emotions and excessive sex-consciousness in both women’s and men’s writing. Chapter Two analyzes the thematic principle of universality in Woolf’s idea of impersonality, arguing that personal and particular references and experiences should be purified and transmuted into more encompassing experiences and impersonal art. Chapter Three examines the stylistic feature of impersonality, and argues that Woolf’s original contribution to stream of consciousness novels with its narrative technique of free indirect discourse contributes to a full expression of impersonality. After unraveling the three key components of impersonality which are tightly interconnected, Chapter Four explores the dialectical relationship between impersonality and personality, arguing that Woolf’s proposal of "a woman’s sentence" stresses the writer’s gender differences and personality in writing. As an illustration of Woolf’s impersonality theory, Chapter Five attempts to analyze three of Woolf’s fictions in the light of her idea of impersonality. Conclusion reveals Woolf’s divergence from T. S. Eliot’s pervasive doctrine of impersonality, and reinforces my central argument that Woolf’s aesthetics of dialectical impersonality in fiction writing involves both impersonality and personality. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Huang, Zhongfeng. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [292]-304). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / Abbreviations --- p.v / Introduction --- p.1 / An Anatomy of Virginia Woolf’s Aesthetics of Impersonality --- p.6 / The Dialectical Relationship between Impersonality and Personality --- p.28 / The Critical Heritage of Virginia Woolf’s Aesthetics of Impersonality --- p.30 / Chapter Chapter One --- Androgyny --- p.45 / An Anatomy of Androgyny --- p.51 / The Background of Virginia Woolf’s Proposal of Androgyny --- p.53 / Virginia Woolf and Androgyny --- p.62 / Shakespeare’s Incandescence --- p.69 / Coleridge and Virginia Woolf on Androgynous Minds --- p.74 / Androgynous Models in Virginia Woolf’s Works --- p.91 / Chapter Chapter Two --- Universality --- p.97 / Authorial Absence --- p.102 / Opposition to Politicization of Art --- p.135 / Poetic Spirit --- p.147 / Universality of Greek Literature --- p.156 / Chapter Chapter Three --- Stream of Consciousness --- p.161 / Stream of Consciousness Novels --- p.162 / Virginia Woolf and Stream of Consciousness Novels --- p.168 / Virginia Woolf and Free Indirect Discourse --- p.182 / Chapter Chapter Four --- A Woman’s Sentence --- p.193 / A Man’s Sentence --- p.195 / A Woman’s Sentence --- p.199 / Write the Body and French Feminisms --- p.216 / Criticism of “A Woman’s Sentence --- p.221 / Chapter Chapter Five --- Virginia Woolf’s Fictions and Impersonality --- p.232 / Orlando: A Biography and Androgyny --- p.232 / To the Lighthouse and Universality --- p.249 / Mrs. Dalloway and Stream of Consciousness --- p.264 / Conclusion --- p.282 / Works Cited --- p.292