The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate the significance of systems for the professional planner. It is shown that a clear, comprehensive understanding of complex systems is relevant to the planner's knowledge, attitude, and skills. The thesis commences with a presentation of the basic information regarding complex systems. With the use of examples this information is then related to the urban context. This foundation of knowledge provides a frame of reference for a systems attitude, which is discussed as a theoretical framework for the planning profession. Following this, a skill, systems simulation modelling, is described; a skill which requires a knowledge of complex systems as well as a systems attitude. Schematically representing the essence of this thesis, Figure 1 [figure omitted] contains three major ideas which are emphasized in this work. First, a consistent core of information which may function as both a basis for, and a frame of reference for, the knowledge, attitude, and skills of a planner is depicted. Next, the fact that there is an interaction between the knowledge, attitude, and skills of the individual is illustrated. Finally, the diagram portrays the thesis as a process; a process whereby all aspects are interconnected. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Beim Lesen der Werke Else Lasker-Schuelers wurde meine Aufmerksamkeit nach kttr-zerer Zeit auf die standige Wiederholung des Wortes spielen oder Spiel gelenkt, ein Gedanke der mich bis dahin in meinem Literaturstudium kaum beschaftigt hatte, noch mir besonders aufgefalien war. Auffallend war mir weiter, dass bei den zahlreichen Arbeiten, die uber diese Dichterin in den letzten Jahren geschrieben wurden, das Spielelement in ihrem Leben und in ihrer Dichtung wohl bemerkt, aber nicht weiter beachtet wurde. Nicht einmal Karl Krolow, der in Aspekte zeitgenfls- sischer deutscher Lyrik. auf die wichtige Rolle hinweist, die das Spiel in der Dichtung ubernimmt, erwahnt diese Lyrikerin des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts. Me Dichtung Else Lasker-Schuelers, die Lyrik wie auch die Prosajwird zum Spiel. Im Spiel kann sie ihre Kindlichkeit bewahren und Kindsein heisst ftlr sie unver-dorben und vor alien Dingen, gltlcklich sein. Das alltagliche Leben mit seinen Beschwerden, seinen Leiden und Beschrankungen tritt in den Hintergrund und kann eine zeitlang vflllig vergessen werden. Ihre Hoffnungen, die in der Wirklichkeit hie erftlllt werden konnen, finden im Spiel, in einer Art Marchen, ihre Erfullung. Das Spiel bietet ein sorgenfreies Leben, Prieden und Ordnung mitten im Chaos hier auf Erden. Auch ihr Glaube, ihre Gottessuche— Else Lasker-Schueler blieb ihr ganzes Leben lang eine ernste Sucherin— wird vom Spiel begleitet und durch das Spiel ver-starkt. Oefters geschieht es jedoch, dass Zweifel ihren Glauben erschtlttern, und in solchen Augenblicken scheint es, als ob sie das Spielen verlernt habe. In ihrer Gottessuche wird sie dadurch bestarkt, dass sie glaubt, die ganze Na-tur, ja die ganze.SchHpfung bete Gott spielend an und verkunde auf diese Art und Weise das Lob des Schttpfers. Die Baume im Walde spielen ein "Schopfungsspiel". Die Kieselsteine am Wege, die Muscheln am Strand sieht die Dichterin als Spielzeug an. Bringt die Fahigkeit zum Spiel im Leben der Dichterin meistens Heilung von Kummer und Sorgen, so kann es aber auch geschehen, dass das Spiel eine nieder-drttckende Auswirkung hat. Dieser letzteren Tatsache ist sich die Dichterin be-wusst, wenn sie mit der Liebe spielt. In solchen Fallen wird sie ironisch und oft auch spOttisch. Eine besondere Form im Spielgebiet der Dichterin nimmt das Maskenspiel an, Es ist zum Teil ein Versteckspiel, ein sich verstecken hinter Figuren, wie der Prinz von Theben oder Jussuf von Bagdad. Dieses Spiel hebt die Dichterin aus der Wirklichkeit hinaus und versetzt sie in ein schOnes Traumland. In dieser BetStigung kommt ihr die rege. Phantasie zu Hilfe, die unermtldlich neue Masken erschafft. Je filter die Dichterin wird, desto After kommen Zeitabschnitte, wo ihr Spieleifer und ihre Spielfahigkeit versagen, Besonders nach dem Tode ihres Sohnes ist die Dichterin des Spiels kaum noch fahig, da das Leben etwas in ihr zer-stflrt zu haben scheint, Wohl glaubt sie noch im hohen Alter an die heilende Macht, die das Spiel im Leben des Menschen austlbt, sie selbst kann aber nicht mehr so recht spielen. Man kann wohl sagen, dass das Spiel im Leben Else Lasker-Schuelers stets die Rolle ubernimmt, als Marchen, als Maske, als Gleichnis, sie vor der Willkttr des Lebens und harten Schicksalschlagen zu schtltzen und vor der Verzweiflung zu bewahren. / Arts, Faculty of / Central Eastern Northern European Studies, Department of / Graduate

This Thesis investigates "short-run" economic cycles in Canadian regions over the period 1919-1973. There are a number of readily available monthly and quarterly time-series which represent the essential aspects of "general economic activity" in the various regions (British Columbia, the Prairies, Ontario, Quebec and the Maritimes). These data are used to describe the pattern of cyclical behaviour in Canada's regions and to analyze the regional mechanism by which United States business cycles are transmitted into Canada. Two quantitative methods are used - the "episodic" method (fashioned after the approach of the National Bureau of Economic Research) and the spectral analytic method. These areas of investigation are directed at two characteristics of Canadian development with which Canadian economists have long been concerned. The first is the persistence of regional disparities; the application in this study of the seldom-used monthly and quarterly time-series provides new insight to the short-run stability, and changes in stability over time, of Canada's regional economies. The second characteristic is that at least until World War I there has existed a very strong tendency for specific regions to play central roles as locations for the production of nationally-important export goods at different periods of time, suggesting an economic sensitivity between foreign, regional and national economies which is summarized by the staple theory of Canadian economic growth. However, since the First World War there has been for various reasons a considerable although gradual evolution in regional economic structure which may have altered the mechanism of cyclical transmission among regions. Moreover, modern treatments of fluctuations in the national economy over the period 1919-1973 suggest that in many ways Canadian cyclical behaviour is but a function of corresponding behaviour in the United States. When the postwar period is compared with the interwar period a decline can be observed in Canada's sensitivity to fluctuations in the general economic activity of the United States but this decline has remained largely unexplained because of the obvious complexity of the economic linkages between the two countries. By examining the evolution of sensitivity among Canada's heterogeneous regions much light is shed upon the question of declining Canadian sensitivity. The overall evidence from the regional time-series suggests that in a broad sense disparities in regional fluctuations are rather large. On balance, the Canadian regions adhere to a common, basic pattern in economic fluctuations in that episodes, found in the national indicators are usually found in the regional indicators and tend to have a similar average duration. However, there the similarity ends although there was a surprisingly uniform strength in the shorter "subcycle", especially in the postwar period. The ability of business cycles to explain the total variation in economic indicators is markedly different among regions - in British Columbia and Ontario the cycle is stronger than the regional average and in the Maritimes and Prairies it is weaker. Also, within the common regional-national pattern in fluctuations significant differences in timing are apparent; certain regions seem to consistently lead or lag the national economy. Indeed, there are significant differences between the cyclical behaviours of Ontario and Quebec even though the economic linkages which transmit cycles between the two regions are strong. During the interwar period Canadian regions were generally sensitive to business cycle fluctuations in the United States, although British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec were more closely attuned to the United States economy than either the Prairies or Maritimes. The varying levels of regional-USA correspondence indicate that the transmission of cycles from the United States does not occur similarly in all regions, although in each case the volatility in regional business cycles is less than that of the United States. The evidence for the interwar period suggests that the mechanism by which United States business cycles are transmitted into Canada is characterized by a tendency for Ontario to be sensitive to both the Rest-of-Canada and the United States; Ontario also appears to be the most volatile region, particularly during the 1930s. This result is consistent with the view that because Ontario is likely a net exporter of capital goods and consumer durables to the other regions then a cyclical instability in the marginal propensity to import in the other regions might stabilize these regions while at the same time destabilizing the Ontario economy. When the postwar and interwar periods are compared, several important changes are observed in the transmission mechanism. While cycles are still transmitted from the United States to the Canadian regions there is a noticeable decline in the significance of this sensitivity, with the largest reductions occurring in Quebec and B.C., and a smaller reduction occurring in Ontario. There have also been declines in regional correspondence to the Rest-of-Canada, which have been of approximately the same order of magnitude in each region. To some extent the weakened interregional correspondence may have resulted from weakened regional sensitivity to the United States but, nevertheless, the reduction in regional-USA sensitivities in the postwar period suggests a change in the regional mechanism of cyclical transmission, particularly in that Ontario is a stronger transmitter of United States fluctuations than formerly. Thus, the traditional view that economic cycles are transmitted from "staple-producing" regions to Central Canada, especially Ontario, has apparently become less appropriate since World War II. / Arts, Faculty of / Vancouver School of Economics / Graduate

During the Second World War, the Canadian government could claim only moderate success for its information operations. To begin with, the government had difficulty in 1939 establishing its first-ever, full-scale wartime information agency, the Bureau of Public Information, and providing it with an effective organization and policy. Various outside interests, particularly Canadian newspapers and social scientists, pressed the government to adopt a policy which reflected their particular views on the role of wartime information in a liberal democratic system. After trying out an information policy that rested on facilitating newspaper coverage, the minister of National War Services with responsibility for public information allowed the director of Public Information to expand his activities in an ad hoc manner and to adopt newspaper or social scientific techniques if he saw fit. This approach satisfied no one and led to a complete reorganization of information work in 1942 and the formation of the Wartime Information Board, the Bureau's replacement, which finally emerged with a policy in 1943. The chief architect of the new approach, John Grierson, wanted to use the social sciences in an integrated media approach that explained how democracy fit into an increasingly complex, technological society. But this was difficult. The WIB could not avoid involvement in conflicting currents of midwar opinion. Orthodox free-enterprisers asserted the primacy of private business while anyone with opinions to the left of them urged varying degrees of social change. The reformers themselves, however, could not agree on the desirable measures. After barely escaping the crossfire, Grierson resigned in 1944. The new general manager, A.D. Dunton, finally succeeded in setting up a smoothly-run operation that generally followed Grierson's direction. At the same time that the board was explaining democratic procedures to Canadians, however, political interference in its operations demonstrated that the new propaganda techniques could be manipulated for possibly undemocratic ends. The evolution of official wartime ideology more or less parallelled policy development. The Bureau began by trying to establish a concept of Canadian nationalism that encompassed a mixture of chauvinistic patriotism and a general realization of the outlines of Canadian nationhood. In the wartime context, this meant presenting a view of the enemy, of the allies and of wartime events that would mobilize Canadians to support the government's policies. It also involved trying to define a view of 'Canadianism' that would encompass the ethnic community as well as English and French Canadians. By the middle of the war, it was obvious that this approach had not proved satisfactory. The BPI's successor, the Wartime Information Board could not totally reorient all these operations but did manage to establish new programmes that took a different approach to Canadian nationhood. Basically, these programmes tried to awaken a sense of participation in alienated groups, to take individual needs into account and to provoke discussion about the direction of government policy. The propaganda operations, however, were not totally reoriented and retained some elements of chauvinistic patriotism. The new system, despite its success in heading off popular discontent, opened the door to manipulation of public opinion. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

Britain during the Labour government's administration took a major step toward developing Iraq primarily due to the decision of Ernest Bevin, the Foreign Minister, to start a new British policy toward the Iraqi regimes that would increase the British influence in the area. This led to Bevin's strategy of depending on guiding the Iraqi regime to make economic and political reforms that would lead to social justice.

Mapleton, a small rural Utah community located on the benchlands between Hobble Creek Canyon and Spanish Fork Canyon fifty miles south of Salt Lake City, was settled in the late 1860s and early 1870s by Springvllle and Spanish Fork families who built their homes on their individual farms. These families did not follow traditional Mormon settlement patterns with a City of Zion plat as their guide; their community grew along quite different lines. Its inhabitants never heard a "call" nor did they have their land alloted to them by their church. The Latter-day Saint Ward, established on the bench In 1888, became the nucleus for both civic and spiritual growth. Its leaders were central figures In the events leading to the political separation of Mapleton from its parent community of Springville in 1901. Two factors contributed to this political separation: a feeling by Maplefon residents that the Springville City Councll was not looking after their interests, and a serious irrigation controversy. After the establishment of town government in 1901 Mapleton grew and developed in ways similar to much larger cities. It developed the same type of civic pride and worked to improve its educational, civic, and cultural programs. However, despite the many improvements in roads, and the amount of available irrigation water, by 1945 Mapleton was not a community of full time farmers. It was, and had been since its beginnings , a community of part-time farmers who worked at second jobs to help pay for farms and maintain a moderate standard of living. The community has been affected by many outside events, but it developed in a manner similar to many other Mormon communities. Its residents enjoyed the inventions of a modern society. They were apprehensive and concerned about world wars and depressions that affected their lives. Still, the three most important influences on Mapleton people were the family, the church, and the job.

The literature's on federalism, integration, and political development all tend to present the progressive centralization of popular allegiance and political power over time as the normal and expected pattern of the history,experience of federations and other states. Canada is an on going federation which does not conform to this model. Canada's Internternal fragmentation's seem at least as compelling as ever, even after more than a century of federal union. Yet the federation has managed to endure while maintaining its divisions. In recent years certain Canadian provinces have become increasingly assertive and persuasive advocates of full autonomy in fields of provincial jurisdiction. They have also sought the fiscal capacity to implement this authority. For a number of reasons some provinces have induced the federal government to abandon its practice of unilaterally making policy in fields of provincial jurisdiction. Because the federal government retains an interest in these services (which include health, welfare, and education), and because some other fields of mutual concern (notably natural resources) are under joint supervision, direct negotiation between executives of federal and provincial governments has become a familiar characteristic of the federal system since the middle 1960's. This new development in federal-provincial relations is often called executive federalism. The study comprises a case study analysis of the evolution of the federal-provincial relationship in one jurisdiction, between the federal government and one province, over a specified time period. Federal and Ontario government files, and interviews with civil servants, supply most of the research material. The immediate objective is a preliminary assessment of how and how well the two sets of government executives have accommodated their conflicting interests in the university field. Ultimately, such a finding suggests some generalizations about how the Canadian federal system is evolving and is being perpetuated in a period when disagreement between federal and provincial governments is the most intense in Canada's history. A set of terms is introduced as analytic tools to assist in a discussion of the dynamic social environment in which federal systems operate. Such an exercise facilitates the attainment of a new perspective on the re lative status of the two levels of government in Canada at this time, and helps to promote an appreciation of the proper strategy for managing intergovernmental conflict. These tools may prove useful in future comparative studies of intergovernmental public policy making in federal states. It is concluded that executive federalism is inevitable and workable in the present federal-provincial climate. In any case, no practical alternative now exists or is likely to appear soon. Although both federal and provincial governments have sacrificed their interests to some degree in executive federalism, only the federal government has surrendered fiscal and jurisdictional manoeuvrability. It is suggested that the federal government consider bringing the provinces into the making of policy in federal fields of provincial concern. Such an alteration of executive federalism might weaken provincial government resistance to continued federal involvement in provincial jurisdictions, and thereby lessen conflict in federal-provincial relations and safeguard the federal government's remaining leverage in provincial fields. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Tine policy of nonalignment has been an active force in international relations for over twenty years. It found acceptance among a wide range of nations with differing political and ideological outlooks. However, they did share an aversion to big power politics and a desire to be more tnan a mere pawn in the struggle for "influence" by the super powers. The majority of these countries were of the so called Third World, that vast area encompassing Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Despite a wide divergence in history and culture, they share one dominant characteristic in the present era; that is, a depressing level of poverty and economic underdevelopment.

No description available.

No description available.