Sanborn C. Brown. / "April 12, 1951." / Bibliography: p. 15. / Army Signal Corps Contract No. W36-039-sc-32037 Project No. 102B. Dept. of the Army Project No. 3-99-10-022.

Color removal of some reactive dyes (Blue 19, Black 5 and Red 195) using a local Poly Aluminium Chloride (PAC) was investigated with Jar-test experiment. The dyes were removed (above 94%) at optimal pH 7 (Red 195) and pH 10 (Blue 19 and Black 5). The PAC dosage of 220 mg/L (Blue 19 and Black 5) and 160 mg/L (Red 195) were found to be best for decreasing dye up to 50 mg/L (Black 5, Red 195) and 100 mg/L (Blue 19). Reaction time and agit ation speed also affected the decolorization process. That result indicates that Vietnamese PAC can be a robust and economical coagulant for discolorization of reactive dyeing process. / Chất keo tụ Poly Aluminium Chloride (PAC) sản xuất tại Việt nam được ứng dụng khử màu của một số màu nhuộm hoạt tính phổ biến (Blue 19, Black 5 and Red 195) trên thí nghiệm Jar-test. Kết quả cho thấy màu bị loại gần như hoàn toàn (trên 94 %) tại pH 7 (Red 195) hoặc 10 (Blue 19 và Black 5). Nồng độ PAC đạt hiệu quả tốt nhất tại 220 mg/L (Blue 19 và Black 5) và 160 mg/L (Red 195) ứng với nồng độ màu 50 mg/L (Black 5, Red 195) hay 100 mg/L (Blue 19). Thời gian phản ứng, tốc độ khuấy cũng có tác động đến hiệu suất khử màu. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy PAC sản xuất tại Việt nam không những là một chất keo tụ tốt mà còn rất kinh tế cho việc khử màu hoàn toàn trong nước thải nhuộm hoạt tính.

In this study, the application of bipolar electrocoagulation (EC) with iron electrode has been assessed for color removal of simulated wastewater containing Reactive Red 195. The influence of initial pH, sodium sulfate concentration, initial dye concentration, electrolysis time, and electric current were examined. The optimum operational parameters were found to be pH =11, concentration of dye = 50 mg L-1, sodium sulfate concentration = 1200 mg L-1, electrolysis time = 5 min and electric current = 4 A. In such condition, color removal efficiency achieved over 99%. This result indicates that EC can be used as an efficient and “green” method for color removal from reactive dye solution. / Trong nghiên cứu này, quá trình khử màu nhuộm hoạt tính (Reactive Red 195) được khảo sát bằng hệ thống keo tụ điện hóa điện cực kép, với vật liệu sắt. Các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến quá trình khử màu như pH, nồng độ màu nhuộm, nồng độ muối Na2SO4, thời gian phản ứng và cường độ dòng được lựa chọn nghiên cứu. Kết quả cho thấy hệ thống điện hóa trên loại gần như hoàn toàn màu nhuộm với hiệu suất đạt trên 99 % tại pH 11, nồng độ màu 50 mgL-1 và nống độ muối Na2SO4 1200 mgL-1 trong khoảng thời gian 5phút. Kết quả trên cho thấy keo tụ điện hóa có thể xem là một phương pháp xử lý hiệu quả và “xanh” trong việc loại bỏ hoàn toàn màu từ nước thải nhuộm hoạt tính.

Color removal of some reactive dyes (Blue 19, Black 5 and Red 195) using a local Poly Aluminium Chloride (PAC) was investigated with Jar-test experiment. The dyes were removed (above 94%) at optimal pH 7 (Red 195) and pH 10 (Blue 19 and Black 5). The PAC dosage of 220 mg/L (Blue 19 and Black 5) and 160 mg/L (Red 195) were found to be best for decreasing dye up to 50 mg/L (Black 5, Red 195) and 100 mg/L (Blue 19). Reaction time and agit ation speed also affected the decolorization process. That result indicates that Vietnamese PAC can be a robust and economical coagulant for discolorization of reactive dyeing process. / Chất keo tụ Poly Aluminium Chloride (PAC) sản xuất tại Việt nam được ứng dụng khử màu của một số màu nhuộm hoạt tính phổ biến (Blue 19, Black 5 and Red 195) trên thí nghiệm Jar-test. Kết quả cho thấy màu bị loại gần như hoàn toàn (trên 94 %) tại pH 7 (Red 195) hoặc 10 (Blue 19 và Black 5). Nồng độ PAC đạt hiệu quả tốt nhất tại 220 mg/L (Blue 19 và Black 5) và 160 mg/L (Red 195) ứng với nồng độ màu 50 mg/L (Black 5, Red 195) hay 100 mg/L (Blue 19). Thời gian phản ứng, tốc độ khuấy cũng có tác động đến hiệu suất khử màu. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy PAC sản xuất tại Việt nam không những là một chất keo tụ tốt mà còn rất kinh tế cho việc khử màu hoàn toàn trong nước thải nhuộm hoạt tính.

In this study, the application of bipolar electrocoagulation (EC) with iron electrode has been assessed for color removal of simulated wastewater containing Reactive Red 195. The influence of initial pH, sodium sulfate concentration, initial dye concentration, electrolysis time, and electric current were examined. The optimum operational parameters were found to be pH =11, concentration of dye = 50 mg L-1, sodium sulfate concentration = 1200 mg L-1, electrolysis time = 5 min and electric current = 4 A. In such condition, color removal efficiency achieved over 99%. This result indicates that EC can be used as an efficient and “green” method for color removal from reactive dye solution. / Trong nghiên cứu này, quá trình khử màu nhuộm hoạt tính (Reactive Red 195) được khảo sát bằng hệ thống keo tụ điện hóa điện cực kép, với vật liệu sắt. Các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến quá trình khử màu như pH, nồng độ màu nhuộm, nồng độ muối Na2SO4, thời gian phản ứng và cường độ dòng được lựa chọn nghiên cứu. Kết quả cho thấy hệ thống điện hóa trên loại gần như hoàn toàn màu nhuộm với hiệu suất đạt trên 99 % tại pH 11, nồng độ màu 50 mgL-1 và nống độ muối Na2SO4 1200 mgL-1 trong khoảng thời gian 5phút. Kết quả trên cho thấy keo tụ điện hóa có thể xem là một phương pháp xử lý hiệu quả và “xanh” trong việc loại bỏ hoàn toàn màu từ nước thải nhuộm hoạt tính.

La thèse vise à caractériser l’aversion des individus face aux risques majeurs. Cette caractérisation s’appuie sur la notion de consentements à payer (pour éviter ce type de risques) et mobilise les modèles d’utilité espérée (UE) et d’utilité espérée dépendante des rangs (UEDR) de Quiggin (1982). Ces deux modèles permettent un traitement identique des conséquences monétaires, mais diffèrent quant au traitement des probabilités. Dans le cadre des risques majeurs, cela se traduit sous UEDR par une surévaluation potentiellement très importante des très petites probabilités. S’appuyant sur une méthode d’approximation des consentements à payer bien adaptée au cadre des risques majeurs, on montre que les consentements à payer d’un individu UEDR peuvent être substantiellement plus élevés que ceux d’un individu UE. En particulier, l’ampleur de cette différence en termes de consentements à payer est strictement équivalente à l’ampleur de la surévaluation subjective des très petites probabilités objectives de perte. En plus de ce résultat théorique, la thèse mène une investigation expérimentale, au moyen de la méthode d’élicitation des Tradeoff (Deneffe et Wakker, 1996), qui confirme le résultat standard du modèle UEDR selon lequel les individus surpondèrent les très petites probabilités. L’expérimentation met aussi en évidence que cette surpondération est d’autant plus importante que la probabilité objective est petite. Enfin, à partir des résultats théoriques et expérimentaux de la thèse, on évalue le cas du coût subjectif d'un risque majeur, en particulier d'un accident nucléaire grave. Nos résultats montrent que ce coût se traduit par des consentements à payer qui sont bien plus élevés sous UEDR que sous UE. Ces différences en matière de consentements à payer qui existent entre ces deux modèles montrent sans ambiguïté l’impact de l’ampleur de la surpondération des très petites probabilités sur la caractérisation des comportements des individus vis-à-vis des risques majeurs. / The objective of this thesis is to characterize individuals’ aversion to major risks. This characterization relies on the notion of willingness-to-pay (to avoid this type of risks) and calls for the expected utility (EU) model and the rank-dependent expected utility (RDEU) model developed by Quiggin (1982). These models identically deal with monetary consequences but differ as regards to the treatment of probabilities. In the context of major risks, RDEU leads to a potentially high overvaluation of very low probabilities. Based on an approximation method of willingness-to-pay that is well-suited to the study of major risks, we show that the willingness-to-pay of an RDEU decision-maker may be substantially higher than the willingness-to-pay of an EU decision-maker. In particular, the extent of this difference in terms of willingness-to-pay is strictly equivalent to the extent of the subjective overvaluation of very small objective probabilities of loss. In addition to this theoretical result, this thesis leads an experimental investigation that uses the (gamble-)tradeoff method of elicitation (Deneffe & Wakker, 1996). The experiment confirms the standard result of the RDEU model according to which individuals overweight very small probabilities. This experiment also emphasizes on the fact that such overweighting is all the more so large as the objective probability is small. Using both theoretical and experimental results of this thesis we eventually investigate the case of the subjective cost of major risks, dealing with a serious nuclear accident in particular. Our results show that this cost translates into willingness-to-pay levels that are way higher under RDEU than under EU. Such differences between the two models as regards to willingness-to-pay unambiguously show the impact of the extent of overweighting of very small probabilities on the characterization of individual behaviors towards major risks.

The aim of this thesis is to understand the conservation and transformation problems of railway heritage and to prepare a conservation and transformation principles for Iskenderun railway area. Primarily, it is tried to understand the historical process and the current situation of conservation of railway areas. In addition, in this study theoretical and historical framework of transformation of railway areas is developed in the light of international charters and documents. Transformation examples from Turkey and Europe were searched with analyzing the railway system and transformation approaches of the countries. In order to prepare a conservation and transformation principles for Iskenderun terminus area, considering the direct relation of the railway site with the port site, a wide border including the port for the study area is chosen and a detailed analyzes were done for whole area. For this study, the major concern is establishing strong principles in different scales. It is important to guide each conservation and transformation projects in Turkey. For rooted solutions, regulations have to start in the transformation strategies and railway policy.

Foundries are most widely facilities all around the world, producing high amounts of castings. In this study, environmental impact of metal foundries was investigated toward a life cycle assessment (LCA) goal. Studies were conducted in two foundry plants in order to collect the inventory data. The difference between the plants regarding their processes was the application of secondary sand reclamation (SSR) in Plant 2. Application of SSR is indicated as a

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is an effective way to convert animal manures into profitable byproducts as well as to reduce the pollution of water, air, and soil caused by these wastes. Conventional high-rate anaerobic reactors cannot effectively process high-solids containing animal manures. The two-phase configuration for AD has several advantages over conventional one-phase processes such as increased stability of the process, smaller and cost efficient process configurations, etc. This study investigated the two-phase AD of dairy manure with particular emphasis on the effects of solids retention time (SRT), organic loading rate (OLR) and pH on anaerobic acidification of unscreened dairy manure / the effects of temperature on biogas production and the comparison of one-phase and two-phase system performance of AD. The results revealed that pre-acidification of dairy manure in daily-fed continuously-mixed reactors with no recycle led to substantial volatile fatty acids production. The optimum operational conditions for anaerobic acidification were determined as SRT and OLR of 2 days and 15 g VS/L.day. The pH control at a range of 5.0-5.5 was not found to be necessary for optimum acidification. Molecular analysis indicated that acidogenic bacteria population increased whilst the aerobic bacteria population decreased as time passed in acidogenic phase. The effect of temperature was clearly observed on biogas production efficiency. Two-phase configuration was determined more efficient than one-phase system. The biogas production in two-phase system was calculated to be 41% higher than that of the one-phase for the same OLR of 3.5 g VS/L.day. This translates into significant performance improvement and reduced volume requirement. This finding represents a further step in the achievement of wider use of simple anaerobic reactor configurations in rural areas.

Ecodesign is an approach for product development, which focuses on minimizing the environmental impacts of the product during the whole life cycle while maintaining the major concerns such as function, usability, aesthetic and ergonomic qualities. This approach is regarded as a fundamental step to achieve sustainable production, consumption and development. The thesis examines the current situation of ecodesign in Turkish Industry, in relation to design and manufacturing. First, it introduces the literature on ecodesign in general, and more specifically, it presents a comparative analysis of six international studies with an aim to explore internal and external stimuli for promoting ecodesign, as well as reflections on barriers that were encountered. Then, literature review on ecodesign activities in Turkish industry is discussed. To complement these findings, the results of the interviews conducted with three stakeholder groups (i.e. government, universities and industry) are presented. Finally, the results of a study that was conducted in Turkish packaging, and electric &amp / electronics sectors to understand approaches of environmentally-conscious product development, the drivers and the barriers of ecodesign implementation into these sectors are revealed. The level of ecodesign implementation is found to be strongly related with the economic situation of Turkish context, which is the most important determining factor for the drivers and barriers found in the study. Acquiring a more stable economic situation, ecodesign will become a considerable competitive advantage through: (i) reduction of manufacturing costs in the long term, (ii) innovational approach in the manufacturing process and product development, and (iii) increasing brand awareness.