Objetivo: Avaliar o perfil funcional do esôfago e a prevalência de refluxo gastroesofágico (RGE) em pacientes candidatos a transplante pulmonar. Métodos: Foram analisados prospectivamente entre Junho de 2005 a Novembro de 2006, 55 pacientes candidatos a transplante pulmonar da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre. Os pacientes foram submetidos a esofagomanometria estacionária e pHmetria esofágica ambulatorial de 24 horas de um e dois eletrodos antes de serem submetidos ao transplante pulmonar. Resultados: A esofagomanometria foi anormal em 80% dos pacientes e a pHmetria revelou RGE ácido patológico em 24%. Os sintomas digestivos apresentaram sensibilidade de 50% e especificidade de 61% para RGE. Noventa e quatro por cento dos pacientes com DPOC apresentaram alteração à manometria, sendo a hipotonia do esfíncter inferior o achado mais frequente (80%). Pacientes com bronquiectasias apresentaram a maior prevalência de RGE (50%). Conclusões: RGE é achado freqüente em pacientes com doença pulmonar avançada. Na população examinada, a presença de sintomas digestivos de RGE não foi preditiva de refluxo ácido patológico. A contribuição do RGE na rejeição crônica deve ser considerada e requer estudos posteriores para seu esclarecimento. / Objective: To assess the prevalecence of gastro-esophageal reflux (GER) and esophageal motor profile in lung transplant candidates. Methods: Between July 2005 and November 2006, a prospective study was conducted in 55 candidates for lung transplantation. Patients underwent esophageal manometry and 24-hour pH testing before undergoing transplantation as an attempt to obtain the prevalence of reflux in this subset. Results: Abnormal esophageal manometry was documented in 80% of the patients and abnormal GER was documented in 24% of the patients. Reflux-related symptoms presented sensitivity and specificity of 50% and 61% for GER, respectively. Ninety-four per cent of the patients with COPD presented an abnormal esophageal manometry, and hipotensive lower esphincter was the most common finding (80%). Bronchiectasis patients presented the highest prevalence of GER (50%). Conclusions: GER is highly prevalent in end-stage lung disease. Reflux-related symptoms was not preditive of gastroesophageal reflux. The contribuition of GER to chronic rejection and allograft dysfunction must be considered and needs to be addressed in future studies.

Investigou-se a validade do método recordatório de 24 horas, comparando-o com o método de pesagem dos alimentos. A comparação levou em conta alguns atributos do entrevistado (idade, sexo, nível de instrução e ocupação) e do entrevistador (técnico e não técnico) considerando, ainda, o tempo de duração das entrevistas do método recordatório de 24 horas. Verificou-se, além disso, a capacidade desse método na identificação de fatores de risco. Para isso, pesquisou-se o consumo de alimentos, obtendo-se energia e macronutrientes e alguns micronutrientes de 100 indivíduos de 19 anos e mais, de ambos os sexos, residentes no Distrito de Caucaia do Alto, Municipio de Cotia, Estado de São Paulo. Foi elaborado, especificamente para este trabalho, material de apoio, que constituiu de álbum de fotografias de alimentos (com porções diversificadas em vários tamanhos) preparados de acordo com os hábitos alimentares levantados na mesma comunidade, em estudo piloto, acompanhado de lista de equivalência de medidas caseiras e pesos. Considerando energia e nutrientes, os resultados no método recordatório subestimaram a energia, glicídios, ferro e proteínas, para o sexo masculino em alguns grupos etários. Considerando a diferença entre os dois sexos, estas foram significantes para proteínas e glicídios no sexo masculino do grupo etário de 41 a 60 anos. Verificou-se na comparação dos dois métodos, quanto às características do entrevistado, que seu desempenho no recordatório está mais relacionado à idade e sexo do que ao grau de instrução e ocupação. Quanto aos entrevistadores, os não técnicos apresentaram maior percentual de discordâncias no almoço e no jantar. Entrevistas realizadas em tempo inferior a 15 minutos propiciaram mais erros, tanto por omissão como por adição de alimentos. Na identificação de fatores de risco dietético, o método recordatório de 24 horas não conseguiu identificar todos os individuos com alto grau de sensibilidade, como o método de pesagem. / The validity of the 24-hours recall method was investigated compared with the method of the direct weighing of the foodstuffs consumed. The comparison took into consideration some of the data regarding the person interviewed (age, sex, schooling and occupation) and of the interviewer (technician or non-technician) and also considered the duration of the interviews of the 24-hours recall method. Further, the ability of this method to detect risk factors was also taken into consideration. For this purpose, the actual consumption of foodstuffs was researched, thus identifying energy, macro-nutrients and some micro-nutrients, of 100 individuals of 19 years or more of age, of both sexes, resident in the Caucaia do Alto district, Cotia county, São Paulo State. Was prepared especially for this research, pictures of food portions and the list of domestic measures and weight correspondent got from the same community by a previous study. With regard to energy and nutrients, the results of the recall method, underestimated energy, carbohydrates, iron and proteins for the male sex for some age groups. As for the difference between the sexes, there were significant differences for proteins and carbohydrates for the male sex age group of 40 to 60 years. It was discovered that the person interviewed performance in the 24-hours recall method, in terms of age and sex, was better than terms of schooling and occupation. Among the interviewers, the non-technicians showed more errors in lunch and dinner data. The interviews carried out in under 15 minutes contained more errors, whether by omission or by additioin of foodstuffs. In the identification of dietetic risk factors, the 24 hours - recall method didn\'t show a high degree of sensibility as the method of the direct weighing of food.

Book Summary: The first comprehensive collection on Hong Kong neo-noir cinema, this book examines the way Hong Kong has developed its own unique version of noir since the late 1940s, while drawing upon and enriching global neo-noir cinemas. With a range of contributions from established and emerging scholars, this book illuminates the origins of Hong Kong neo-noir, its styles and contemporary manifestations, and its connection to mainland China before and after the 1997 Handover. Case studies include classics such as The Wild, Wild Rose (1960) and more recent films like Full Alert (1997), Exiled (2007) and Shinjuku Incident (2008). It provides a fresh look at the careers of iconic figures Johnnie To, Jackie Chan and Fruit Chan. By examining the films of émigré Shanghai directors, the cool women killers, the hybrids and noir cityscapes, Hong Kong Neo-Noir explores the complex connections between a vibrant cinema and global noir.

This project develops a quantitative method to evaluate the seismic risk for portable GSE at Vandenberg Air Force Base. Using the latest probability data available from the USGS, risk thresholds are defined for portable GSE having the potential to cause a catastrophic event. Additionally, an example tool for design engineers was developed from the seismic codes showing the tipping hazard case can be simplified into strict geometrical terms. The misinterpretation and confusion regarding the Range Safety 24 Hour Rule exemption can be avoided by assessing seismic risk for portable GSE. By using the methods herein to quantify and understand seismic risk, more informed risk decisions can be made by engineering and management. The seismic codes and requirements used and referenced throughout include but are not limited to IBC, ASCE 7, EWR 127-1, and AFSPCMAN 91-710.

Underreporting in dietary assessment has been linked to dietary restraint (DR) and social desirability (SD). Thus, this study investigated accuracy of reporting energy intake (EI) of a laboratory meal during a 24-hour dietary recall (24HR) in 38 healthy, college-aged (20.3 +/- 1.7 years), normal-weight women (22.4 +/- 1.8 kg/m2), categorized as high or low in DR and SD. Participants consumed a meal (sandwich wrap, chips, fruit, and ice cream) and completed a telephone 24HR. Accuracy of reported intake = (((reported intake - measured intake)/measured intake) x 100) [positive numbers = overreporting]. Overreporting of EI was found in all groups (meal accuracy rate = 43.1 +/- 49.9%). An interaction of SD x individual foods (p < 0.05) occurred. SD-High as compared to SD-Low more accurately reported EI of chips (19.8 +/- 56.2% vs. 117.1 +/- 141.3%, p < 0.05) and ice cream (17.2 +/- 78.2% vs. 71.6 +/- 82.7%, p < 0.05). An effect of SD occurred, where SD-High as compared to SD-Low more accurately reported meal EI (29.8 +/- 48.2% vs. 58.0 +/- 48.8%, p < 0.05). For measured meal EI, an effect of DR occurred where DR-High consumed less than DR-Low (437 +/- 169 kcals vs. 559 +/- 207 kcals, p < 0.05). An interaction of DR x food type (p < 0.05) occurred where DR-High as compared to DR-Low consumed less sandwich wrap (156 +/- 63 kcals vs. 210 +/- 76 kcals, p < 0.05) and ice cream (126 +/-73 kcals vs. 190 +/- 106 kcals, p < 0.05). For reported meal EI, an effect of DR occurred where DR-High reported consuming less than DR-Low (561 +/- 200 kcals vs. 818 +/- 362 kcals, p < 0.05). An interaction of DR x individual foods (p < 0.05) occurred where DR-High reported consuming less ice cream than DR-Low (145 +/- 91 kcals vs. 302 +/- 235 kcals, p < 0.05). Overreporting EI from a laboratory meal was prevalent. However, those high in SD were more accurate in reporting intake, particularly of high-fat foods. Future research is needed to investigate factors that contribute to overreporting.

Underreporting in dietary assessment has been linked to dietary restraint (DR) and social desirability (SD). Thus, this study investigated accuracy of reporting energy intake (EI) of a laboratory meal during a 24-hour dietary recall (24HR) in 38 healthy, college-aged (20.3 +/- 1.7 years), normal-weight women (22.4 +/- 1.8 kg/m2), categorized as high or low in DR and SD. Participants consumed a meal (sandwich wrap, chips, fruit, and ice cream) and completed a telephone 24HR. Accuracy of reported intake = (((reported intake - measured intake)/measured intake) x 100) [positive numbers = overreporting]. Overreporting of EI was found in all groups (meal accuracy rate = 43.1 +/- 49.9%). An interaction of SD x individual foods (p < 0.05) occurred. SD-High as compared to SD-Low more accurately reported EI of chips (19.8 +/- 56.2% vs. 117.1 +/- 141.3%, p < 0.05) and ice cream (17.2 +/- 78.2% vs. 71.6 +/- 82.7%, p < 0.05). An effect of SD occurred, where SD-High as compared to SD-Low more accurately reported meal EI (29.8 +/- 48.2% vs. 58.0 +/- 48.8%, p < 0.05). For measured meal EI, an effect of DR occurred where DR-High consumed less than DR-Low (437 +/- 169 kcals vs. 559 +/- 207 kcals, p < 0.05). An interaction of DR x food type (p < 0.05) occurred where DR-High as compared to DR-Low consumed less sandwich wrap (156 +/- 63 kcals vs. 210 +/- 76 kcals, p < 0.05) and ice cream (126 +/-73 kcals vs. 190 +/- 106 kcals, p < 0.05). For reported meal EI, an effect of DR occurred where DR-High reported consuming less than DR-Low (561 +/- 200 kcals vs. 818 +/- 362 kcals, p < 0.05). An interaction of DR x individual foods (p < 0.05) occurred where DR-High reported consuming less ice cream than DR-Low (145 +/- 91 kcals vs. 302 +/- 235 kcals, p < 0.05). Overreporting EI from a laboratory meal was prevalent. However, those high in SD were more accurate in reporting intake, particularly of high-fat foods. Future research is needed to investigate factors that contribute to overreporting.

Objetivo: Avaliar o perfil funcional do esôfago e a prevalência de refluxo gastroesofágico (RGE) em pacientes candidatos a transplante pulmonar. Métodos: Foram analisados prospectivamente entre Junho de 2005 a Novembro de 2006, 55 pacientes candidatos a transplante pulmonar da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre. Os pacientes foram submetidos a esofagomanometria estacionária e pHmetria esofágica ambulatorial de 24 horas de um e dois eletrodos antes de serem submetidos ao transplante pulmonar. Resultados: A esofagomanometria foi anormal em 80% dos pacientes e a pHmetria revelou RGE ácido patológico em 24%. Os sintomas digestivos apresentaram sensibilidade de 50% e especificidade de 61% para RGE. Noventa e quatro por cento dos pacientes com DPOC apresentaram alteração à manometria, sendo a hipotonia do esfíncter inferior o achado mais frequente (80%). Pacientes com bronquiectasias apresentaram a maior prevalência de RGE (50%). Conclusões: RGE é achado freqüente em pacientes com doença pulmonar avançada. Na população examinada, a presença de sintomas digestivos de RGE não foi preditiva de refluxo ácido patológico. A contribuição do RGE na rejeição crônica deve ser considerada e requer estudos posteriores para seu esclarecimento. / Objective: To assess the prevalecence of gastro-esophageal reflux (GER) and esophageal motor profile in lung transplant candidates. Methods: Between July 2005 and November 2006, a prospective study was conducted in 55 candidates for lung transplantation. Patients underwent esophageal manometry and 24-hour pH testing before undergoing transplantation as an attempt to obtain the prevalence of reflux in this subset. Results: Abnormal esophageal manometry was documented in 80% of the patients and abnormal GER was documented in 24% of the patients. Reflux-related symptoms presented sensitivity and specificity of 50% and 61% for GER, respectively. Ninety-four per cent of the patients with COPD presented an abnormal esophageal manometry, and hipotensive lower esphincter was the most common finding (80%). Bronchiectasis patients presented the highest prevalence of GER (50%). Conclusions: GER is highly prevalent in end-stage lung disease. Reflux-related symptoms was not preditive of gastroesophageal reflux. The contribuition of GER to chronic rejection and allograft dysfunction must be considered and needs to be addressed in future studies.

Objetivo: Avaliar o perfil funcional do esôfago e a prevalência de refluxo gastroesofágico (RGE) em pacientes candidatos a transplante pulmonar. Métodos: Foram analisados prospectivamente entre Junho de 2005 a Novembro de 2006, 55 pacientes candidatos a transplante pulmonar da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre. Os pacientes foram submetidos a esofagomanometria estacionária e pHmetria esofágica ambulatorial de 24 horas de um e dois eletrodos antes de serem submetidos ao transplante pulmonar. Resultados: A esofagomanometria foi anormal em 80% dos pacientes e a pHmetria revelou RGE ácido patológico em 24%. Os sintomas digestivos apresentaram sensibilidade de 50% e especificidade de 61% para RGE. Noventa e quatro por cento dos pacientes com DPOC apresentaram alteração à manometria, sendo a hipotonia do esfíncter inferior o achado mais frequente (80%). Pacientes com bronquiectasias apresentaram a maior prevalência de RGE (50%). Conclusões: RGE é achado freqüente em pacientes com doença pulmonar avançada. Na população examinada, a presença de sintomas digestivos de RGE não foi preditiva de refluxo ácido patológico. A contribuição do RGE na rejeição crônica deve ser considerada e requer estudos posteriores para seu esclarecimento. / Objective: To assess the prevalecence of gastro-esophageal reflux (GER) and esophageal motor profile in lung transplant candidates. Methods: Between July 2005 and November 2006, a prospective study was conducted in 55 candidates for lung transplantation. Patients underwent esophageal manometry and 24-hour pH testing before undergoing transplantation as an attempt to obtain the prevalence of reflux in this subset. Results: Abnormal esophageal manometry was documented in 80% of the patients and abnormal GER was documented in 24% of the patients. Reflux-related symptoms presented sensitivity and specificity of 50% and 61% for GER, respectively. Ninety-four per cent of the patients with COPD presented an abnormal esophageal manometry, and hipotensive lower esphincter was the most common finding (80%). Bronchiectasis patients presented the highest prevalence of GER (50%). Conclusions: GER is highly prevalent in end-stage lung disease. Reflux-related symptoms was not preditive of gastroesophageal reflux. The contribuition of GER to chronic rejection and allograft dysfunction must be considered and needs to be addressed in future studies.

Context: Global software development (GSD) can be defined as distributing the software development work among various teams, which are geographically distributed. Global software development is being widely used nowadays in software industries because of the numerous advantages offered. Follow-the-sun (FTS) approach is a sub-division of global software engineering where unfinished work is handed off every day from one development site to another development site, which are many time zones apart and hence development takes place round the clock instead of just eight hours per day. Objectives: The objective of this study is to explore whether by implementing follow-the- sun approach in the development phase of the software life cycle, the time-to-market can be reduced by 50% when compared to the traditional method of software development. Methods: In this research to fulfil the objectives, systematic literature review and an experiment were conducted. In literature review a number of papers that are related to this study were identified from the databases such as Engineering Village, IEEE Xplore, Springer Link, ISI Web of Knowledge, Science Direct, ACM Digital Library and Wiley Inter Science Journal Finder. From these databases, all the related work on follow-the-sun approach that has been done so far was collected and the selection was done through tollgate approach. An experiment was conducted at Blekinge Tekniska Högskola with the students of the computer science engineering field as subjects of the experiment. The three software development scenarios that are tested in the experiment are co-located scenario, follow-the-sun with overlap scenario and follow-the-sun without overlap scenario. The experiment compares the results of the co-located scenario with the results of the follow-the-sun with overlap scenario and follow-the-sun without overlap scenario. Results: The results from the experiment showed that there is reduction in time-to-market by 22% when using follow-the-sun with overlap scenario and there is a reduction of 10% in the time-to-market when using follow-the-sun without scenario when compared to the co- located scenario. Conclusions: We conclude that follow-the-sun approach has an advantage of reduction in time-to-market when compared to the traditional co-located approach. But more research needs to be done in finding out the challenges and their mitigation strategies that will be beneficial for the organizations in order to adopt this process. From the findings of the literature review we have observed that due to the communication and collaboration problems, organizations are finding it difficult to achieve the desired benefits from the follow-the-sun approach. As a part of this study we conducted an experiment and we report the various challenges that have been noticed during the execution. From the experiment results we observe that there is a difference in the results between the theory and the practical implementation. We conclude that though the time-to-market can be certainly reduced when using follow-the-sun approach, but the reduction in the development time by 50% is questionable. This may be achieved by emphasizing on the challenges and by mitigating the same thereby bringing it closer to 50%. / Bakgrund: Global utveckling av programvara (GSD) kan definieras som distribuerar programvaran utvecklingsarbetet mellan olika team, som är geografiskt fördelade. Global mjukvaruutveckling är i stor utsträckning används i dag inom programvaruföretag på grund av många fördelar. Follow-the-sun (FTS) tillvägagångssätt är en underavdelning av den globala programvaruteknik där halvfärdiga arbeten delas ut varje dag från en utveckling plats till en annan utveckling webbplats, som är många tidzoner isär och därigenom utveckling sker dygnet runt istället för att bara åtta timmar per dag. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om genom att implementera follow-the- Sön förhållningssätt i utvecklingsfasen av programvaran livscykel, tiden till marknaden kan reduceras med 50% jämfört med den traditionella metoden för mjukvaruutveckling. Metoder: I denna forskning för att uppfylla de mål, systematisk litteraturstudie och en Experimentet utfördes. I litteraturen ett antal uppsatser som är relaterade till denna studien identifierades från databaser såsom Engineering Village, IEEE Xplore, Springer Link, ISI Web of Knowledge, Science Direct, ACM Digital Library och Wiley Inter Science Journal Finder. Från dessa databaser, alla relaterade arbetet efter-the-sun strategi som har gjort hittills har samlats in och urvalet gjordes genom tollgate strategi. En Experimentet utfördes på Blekinge Tekniska Högskola med eleverna av datorn vetenskap teknikområde som ämnen av försöket. De tre mjukvaruutveckling scenarier som testas i experimentet är samlokaliserade scenariot, follow-the-solen med överlappning scenario och follow-the-solen utan överlappning scenario. Experimentet jämför Resultatet av samarbetet ligger-scenario med resultaten av follow-the-solen med överlappning scenario och följ-the-solen utan överlappning scenario. Resultat: Resultatet från experimentet visade att det finns minskning av tiden till marknaden genom 22% vid användning av follow-the-solen med överlappning scenario och det är en minskning med 10% i time-to-market när du använder follow-the-solen utan scenario jämfört med co- ligger scenario. Slutsatser: Vi drar slutsatsen att följa the-sun metoden har en fördel av minskning av time-to-market jämfört med traditionella samlokaliserade strategi. Men mer forskning behöver göras för att hitta de utmaningar och deras strategier för riskminskning som kommer att fördelaktigt för organisationer för att anta denna process. Från resultaten av litteraturstudie har vi sett att på grund av kommunikation och samarbete problem, organisationer svårt att uppnå önskad nytta av follow-the-sun strategi. Som en del av denna studie har vi genomfört ett experiment och vi rapporterar de olika utmaningar som har märkt under utförandet. Från experimentet resultat vi konstatera att det finns en skillnad i resultat mellan teori och praktiska genomförandet. Vi drar slutsatsen att även om tiden till marknad kan säkert nedsatt vid användning följ-the-sun synsätt, men minskningen av utvecklingstiden genom 50% är tvivelaktig. Detta kan uppnås genom att betona på de utmaningar och genom att mildra samma sätt föra den närmare 50%.

Si l’information en continu semble constituer un genre télévisuel aujourd’hui installé, le modèle d’information qu’elle propose fait l’objet de nombreuses questions concernant les effets de reprise de l’information et la nature même de celle-ci. Parce que la chaîne BFMTV cristallise ces questions critiques, il a semblé pertinent, au moment où elle a plus de dix ans d’existence, d’essayer de comprendre le type d’information dont il s’agit. D’autant qu’elle se présente dorénavant, dans un contexte de convergence médiatique, sur plusieurs supports évoluant au gré des pratiques et des possibilités techniques, qui poussent à se pencher sur le lien que la chaîne, via son dispositif, entretient avec ses usagers. Pensé selon une approche pragmatique, ce travail a ainsi pour ambition de mieux cerner les enjeux de l’information en continu mais aussi ses impacts sur l’information en général. / If 24-hour news channels today seem to constitute an established television genre, the type of information that they provide leaves many questions open concerning both the re-presentation of information and the latter’s very nature. Because the 24-hour news channel BFMTV incarnates those critical questions, it seems relevant, more than ten years after its creation, to examine the model of information that it provides. Moreover, in the context of media convergence, this channel is now transmitted on several platforms that evolve according to the user's practices and existing technical possibilities. This fact leads to a further examination of how the channel develops a relationship, through its technical possibilities, with its users. Deploying a pragmatic approach, this thesis aims to achieve a better understanding of what is at stake in continuous news cycles and also of the impact that the latter have on information in general.