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The history of the Parish is a significant microcosm of general Scottish Church history.  In particular, it illustrates the medieval and post-Reformation origins of the major obstacles which had to be overcome before the reunion of the Church of Scotland could be achieved in 1929. The first obstacle concerned Church-State relations in matters spiritual.  The UK Parliament’s re-imposition of Patronage in 1712 had indeed caused the Secessions of 1733 and 1752.  However when, before the Disruption (1843), the civil courts acted to support patrons in intruding Parish Ministers contrary to local opinion and also interfered with the structures and membership of the Church Courts, the issue became not so much Patronage as such but that of the Church’s independent spiritual jurisdiction.  Accordingly, the UK Parliament’s abolition of Patronage in 1874 was not enough to heal any of the divisions in Scottish Presbyterianism. The second obstacle concerned the Church’s properties and endowments.  The Churches of the Secessions and the Disruption - and thus the United Free Church from 1900 - had necessarily adopted a voluntary position, free of secular involvement in such matters.  Therefore it was necessary to ensure that, in a reunited Church, the provision, ownership and maintenance of properties, the ownership and control of endowments and thus the determination and funding of all stipends would all come within the Church’s internal structures, free from external responsibility or intervention. Thus an understanding of the historically differentiated elements in the Scottish Church and not least in the Parish of Banchory-Ternan, requires consideration of all such interacting national and local ecclesiastical factors. Accordingly, the object of this thesis is to detail, in their national contexts, relevant developments in the Parish from the medieval period onwards, the resulting fragmentation on Scottish Presbyterianism and subsequent progress culminating in the Reunion of 1929.

The title of this thesis is taken from the Book of Common Prayer, specifically from the section 'Of Ceremonies: Why some be Abolished and some Retained'. It takes as its premise the theory that arguments over the way in which worship was conducted were more important than doctrinal matters in the religious tensions which arose before the Civil War, focussing attention upon the diocese of Winchester. The thesis is split into three broad sections. The first section deals with the ceremonies of the church, and is split into two chapters. The first of these chapters is based largely around the physical structure of a church, whilst the second is more concerned with the rites and rubrics as laid down in the Book of Common Prayer. The second section, in three chapters, focusses upon the use of the arts in the early Stuart church. The first of these chapters concentrates on the visual arts, and the way in which they were used, particularly with regard to their hierarchical arrangement. The second turns attention to the aural arts, examining the differences, and similarities, in approach taken at the time. The third examines the idea that there was a specific culture which can be associated with Puritanism. The final section focusses upon the defence of hierarchy within the church. The first chapter in this section examines defences of Episcopal government which were produced by clerics who worked in the diocese. The second chapter looks at attempts to induce greater conformity within the diocese, and places this in the context of national events.

The religious and ecclesiastical role of women in the early medieval church in the city of Rome has so far not been studied in detail and this thesis offers to remedy that gap. It presents in form of a case study limiting itself in terms of its topographical boundaries to the city of Rome, and in terms of a historical time period to that which coincides approximately to the start of the papacy of Hadrian I to the end of the papacy of Paschal I. Use is made only of source material which can be connected directly to early medieval Rome, and not only ordained and monastic roles of women are explored but also the many other ways in which women were able to engage with the liturgy, sacraments and religious ordinances as well as through diaconal and other forms of work. This is done not least through a detailed analysis of the relevant Ordines Romani. Other ways in which women of early medieval Rome were able to engage in the life of the church was through the production and maintenance of liturgical textiles and also through patronage on large and small scales towards individual ecclesiastical institutions. A less well known means of engagement was through the work of the diaconitae at Rome’s diaconiae. Throughout the thesis a particular interest is expressed in exploring how religious and ecclesiastical engagement was possible for women from lower social strata. In addition to this the overall inclusion, or otherwise, of women in the surviving iconographical material of early medieval Rome is analysed. Particular attention is given to matters such as relics, saints patronage and lectionary readings in relation to saints’ days. Matters of hermeneutics are explored on an ongoing basis in relation to the source material, but also in relation to the secondary literature consulted. Regarding the latter this is especially undertaken in relation to female monastic communities and the offices of the diacona, presbytera and episcopa. In respect of these offices, but also in relation to all other matters pertaining to the ecclesiastical and religious roles of women in early medieval Rome this thesis argues neither for a minimalist nor for a maximalist interpretation, but offers a nuanced yet, of necessity, fragmentary overall picture. This is borne out of the decision to work only with source materials that can be directly linked to early medieval Rome which in itself is fragmentary in nature. On the one hand it means that little can be made known on a subject area such as women’s religious education for instance. On the other hand this concentration on Roman source material alone means that matters unique to the situation of women in the church of medieval Rome can be established, such as, for instance, the continuation of the ordained office of the diacona into the early ninth century or the absence of any issues regarding cultic cleanness relating to women.

by D.A. Huffman. / "January 10, 1954." "Reprinted from Journal of the Franklin Institute, vol. 257, no.3, March, 1954." / Includes bibliographical references. / Army Signal Corps Contract No. DA36-039 sc-100, Project 8-102B-0. Dept. of the Army Project No. 3-99-10-022.

Die Arbeit zeichnet erstmals die Genese der Darstellung der Seitenwunde Christi als Einzelbild nach. Der Fokus liegt hierbei nicht nur auf der Entwicklung und Verbreitung dieses spezifischen Andachtsbildes, sondern auch darauf, ein besseres Verständnis für die Laienfrömmigkeit und die ihr immanenten Praktiken im ausgehenden Mittelalter zu erlangen. Um die Grundlagen dieser Andachtspraxis zu begreifen, wird die Fülle des Materials der Seitenwunden-Verehrung von den frühen patristischen Quellen bis hin zur spätmittelalterlichen Wundenadoration in Schrift- und Bildzeugnissen dargelegt. Während in bisherigen kunsthistorischen Forschungsbeiträgen nur wenige einzelne Bildbeispiele betrachtet wurden, zeigt diese Arbeit eine Vielzahl bislang nicht beachteter Bildwerke, die eine Katalogisierung der Seitenwunden-Darstellungen ermöglichen. Mithilfe dieses umfangreichen Werkkorpus werden sowohl die regionale Verbreitung als auch die außergewöhnlichen Variationen innerhalb der Wundenbilder und die damit zusammenhängenden unterschiedlichen ikonografischen Traditionen und Präferenzen nachgewiesen. Neben der Darlegung der Genealogie der spätmittelalterlichen Seitenwunden-Bilder stellt die Erschließung ihres umfangreichen Sinngehalts ein Novum im Forschungsdiskurs dar. Die Bilder der heiligen Wunde verstehen sich als Zeugnisse persönlich gelebter Frömmigkeit, welche Einblicke in die mittelalterliche Lebenswelt laikaler Bevölkerungsschichten ermöglichen. Gerade ihr Bezug zu individuellen Schutz- und Glaubensvorstellungen dient dabei als Abbild realer Lebenswirklichkeiten. Diese Forschungsergebnisse eröffnen nicht nur für die Kunstgeschichte fruchtbare Erkenntnisse, sondern lassen sich auch innerhalb von Theologie, Germanistik, Soziologie und Geschichte anwenden. Die Bilder der Seitenwunde dienen dabei als ein Beispiel, um die Vieldeutigkeit christlicher Kunst zu belegen. Die Varianz der mit ihnen verknüpften Themen zeigt, wie wenig ästhetische Codierung, handwerkliche Ausführung und gesellschaftsrelevante Bedeutung in Abhängigkeit zueinanderstehen müssen. Unter diesem Aspekt wird auch ersichtlich, wie ergebnisreich die Betrachtung einfacher, mitunter grotesk anmutender Zeugnisse ausfallen kann. Die Bilder der Seitenwunde könnten auf den ersten Blick als absurdes Randphänomen eingestuft werden, ihre eingehende Analyse zeigt aber, dass sie nicht nur inhaltlich äußerst komplex sind, sondern dass sie auch weitaus deutlicher als andere Werke die alltägliche christliche Lebenswelt abzubilden vermögen. Die unbarmherzige Lebensrealität des Spätmittelalters bedingte die Erhöhung des Symbols der Wunde. Als Ausdruck göttlicher Macht, himmlischen Beistandes und der Erlösung wurden die Wunden Christi demnach nicht nur Referenz der Passion, sondern auch seelischer Beistand innerhalb eines Lebens voller Ängste und Entbehrungen.:1. Einleitung 4 2. Theologische Grundlagen der Seitenwunden-Verehrung 12 2.1. Zeugnisse der christlichen Antike 13 2.1.1 Neues Testament 13 2.1.2 Exegese der Kirchenväter 17 2.1.3 Übersicht zur Motivgeschichte der Patristik 38 2.2 Mittelalterliche Überlieferung 39 2.3. Mystische Betrachtungen und Laienfrömmigkeit des Spätmittelalters 48 3. Die Seitenwunde Christi als spätmittelalterliches Andachtsbild 64 3.1. Der Urtypus 65 3.2. Die Darstellung der Seitenwunde Christi bis 1400 71 3.2.1 Französische Gebiete 71 3.2.2 Gebiete des Heiligen Römischen Reiches 79 3.2.3 Englische Gebiete 90 3.3. Die Darstellung der Seitenwunde Christi bis 1500 98 3.3.1 Vertikale Konzepte 99 3.3.2 Horizontale Konzepte 107 3.3.3 Die Wunde im Kelch 111 3.3.4 Die Wunde auf dem Tuch 119 3.3.5 Modellieren der Formgebung: Die Raute als Inbegriff der Seitenwundenbilder des späten 15. Jahrhunderts 124 3.3.6 Einzelfunde 137 3.4 Entwicklungen der folgenden Jahrhunderte 144 4. Mandorla vs. Raute – Ursprünge der Formgebung 150 4.1 Aureole, Strahlenkranz, Mandorla – Licht als multireligiöser Ausdruck des Göttlichen 150 4.2 Form als Sinnbild – Ursprünge geometrischer Bildschemen 157 4.3 Verbildlichungen des Corpus Christi 166 4.4 Zur Vieldeutigkeit christlicher Kunst – eine exemplarische Analyse 168 5. Vulnus oder Vulva? Zur Geschlechtsspezifik der Wundöffnung 186 5.1 Sexualität im Mittelalter 187 5.2 Christliche Vorstellungen eines allgeschlechtlichen Gottes 196 5.3 Die heilige Wunde und ihre Geschlechtlichkeit 202 6. Schluss 218 Abbildungen 229 Literaturverzeichnis 255 Bildnachweis 279

Data stream processing in the industrial as well as in the academic field has gained more and more importance during the last years. Consider the monitoring of industrial processes as an example. There, sensors are mounted to gather lots of data within a short time range. Storing and post-processing these data may occasionally be useless or even impossible. On the one hand, only a small part of the monitored data is relevant. To efficiently use the storage capacity, only a preselection of the data should be considered. On the other hand, it may occur that the volume of incoming data is generally too high to be stored in time or–in other words–the technical efforts for storing the data in time would be out of scale. Processing data streams in the context of this thesis means to apply database operations to the stream in an on-the-fly manner (without explicitly storing the data). The challenges for this task lie in the limited amount of resources while data streams are potentially infinite. Furthermore, data stream processing must be fast and the results have to be disseminated as soon as possible. This thesis focuses on the latter issue. The goal is to provide a so-called Quality-of-Service (QoS) for the data stream processing task. Therefore, adequate QoS metrics like maximum output delay or minimum result data rate are defined. Thereafter, a cost model for obtaining the required processing resources from the specified QoS is presented. On that basis, the stream processing operations are scheduled. Depending on the required QoS and on the available resources, the weight can be shifted among the individual resources and QoS metrics, respectively. Calculating and scheduling resources requires a lot of expert knowledge regarding the characteristics of the stream operations and regarding the incoming data streams. Often, this knowledge is based on experience and thus, a revision of the resource calculation and reservation becomes necessary from time to time. This leads to occasional interruptions of the continuous data stream processing, of the delivery of the result, and thus, of the negotiated Quality-of-Service. The proposed robustness concept supports the user and facilitates a decrease in the number of interruptions by providing more resources.