Unity is a game development tool with large userbase. One of the features it is missing, however, is a deeper support for the development of two dimensional games. In particular a tool for editing and generation of two dimensional terrain. The aim of the presented work is to design and develop this tool. First, the problem is analysed and a set of requirements is assembled. Then, the Unity development environment is described in order to be able to use it for implementing the tool. The tool is designed from the programmer's point of view and data representation inside Unity is proposed. Large part of the work is also devoted to describing different algorithms used for terrain generation. Finally, the user interface of the program is designed using the knowledge gained by studying Unity.

In the last decade, the emerging classes of two-dimensional (2D) materials have been studied as potential candidates for various sensing technologies, including magnetic and optoelectronic detectors. Within the quickly growing portfolio of 2D materials, graphene and semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have emerged as attractive candidates for various sensor applications because of their unique properties such as extreme thickness, excellent electrical and optical properties. In this thesis, I have exploited the unique properties of graphene and TMDs materials to develop 2D detectors based on field effect transistors for sensing magnetic field and light. In the first part of this thesis I have shown how the sensitivity of the properties of 2D materials to their surrounding environment can be turned into a feature useful to create new types of magnetic field sensors. The first experimental demonstration of this concept involved the use of graphene deposited on hexagonal Boron Nitride (h-BN), where the inevitable contaminations occurring at the interface of the two materials was used to generate a large magnetoresistance (MR) for a magnetic field sensor. Specifically, I have demonstrated that the contaminations generate an inhomogeneity in the carrier mobility throughout the channel, which is a required ingredient for magnetic field sensing based on linear magnetoresistance (LMR). Another approach I used to make a LMR sensor was by exploiting the large dependence of the mobility in graphene on the Fermi level position. This concept was used to generate two parallel electron gases with different mobility by tuning the Fermi level with an electrical field employing a field effect transistor. The second part of the thesis is focussed on strategies to reduce the impact of the surrounding environment on the properties of 2D materials in order to improve their performance. In particular, I used a 2D heterostructure encapsulated in an ionic polymer to makeii a highly responsive graphene-TMD photodetector. In this device, the ionic polymer covering the heterostructure was employed to screen the long-lived charge traps that limit the speed of such detectors, resulting in a drastic improvement of the detector responsivity properties. Finally, some of the 2D materials properties are very sensitive to the configuration of the electronics measurement setup. For example, effects behind spintronic and valleytronic concepts require non-local electrical transport measurement. We built a novel circuit that enables the detection of such effects without concern about the spurious contributions.

This work is dedicated to electron transport in atomically thin crystals. We explore hydrodynamic effects in the electron liquid of graphene and perform a comprehensive study of electronic and optical properties of a novel 2D semiconductor - indium selenide(InSe). Graphene hosts a high quality electron system with weak phonon coupling such that electron-electron scattering can be the dominant process responsible for the establishment of local equilibrium of the electronic system above liquid nitrogen temperatures. Under these conditions, charge carriers are expected to behave as a viscous fluid with a hydrodynamic behaviour similar to classical gases or liquids. In this thesis, we aimed to reveal this hydrodynamic behaviour of the electron fluid by studying transport properties of high-quality graphene devices. To amplify the hydrodynamic effects, we used a special measurement geometry in which the current was injected into the graphene channel and the voltage was measured at the contact nearest to the injector. In this geometry we detected a negative signal which is developed as a result of the viscous drag between adjacent fluid layers, accompanied by the formation of current vortices. The magnitude of the signal allowed us to perform the first measurement of electron viscosity. In order to understand how an electron liquid enters the hydrodynamic regime we studied electron transport in graphene point contacts. We observed a drop in the point contact resistance upon increasing temperature. This drop was attributed to the interaction-induced lubrication of the point contact boundaries that was found to be strong enough to prevent momentum relaxation of charge carriers. The viscosity of the electron fluid was measured over a wide range of temperatures and at different carrier densities. Experimental data was found to be in good agreement with many-body calculations. In this work we also studied transport properties of two-dimensional InSe. We observed high electron mobility transport, quantum oscillations and a fully developed quantum Hall effect. In optical studies, we revealed that due to the crystal symmetry a monolayer InSe features suppressed recombination of electron-hole pairs.

Two dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides provide a host of unique optoelectronic properties, attributed to their two dimensional nature and unique band structure, making them promising for future optoelectronics device applications. In the work presented in this thesis, we focus on the theoretical understanding and modelling of the optoelectronic properties of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides, their heterostructures and multilayers. We studied the relaxation rates of photo-excited carriers leading to the formation of electron-hole pairs and their subsequent radiative recombination, resulting in emission of light. We find sub-ps relaxation times, attributed to the strong coupling of carriers with optical phonons, allowing the efficient formation of strongly bound multi-particle complexes such as excitons, trions and biexcitons, which can recombine radiatively if allowed by selection rules. We classify the various complexes according to their optical activity, and predict using diffusion quantum Monte Carlo calculations the resulting photoluminescence spectra in these materials. We proposed a novel, material specific, Auger process in WS2 and WSe2 involving dark excitons, which dominates over radiative processes for relatively low carrier densities, providing an explanation to the observed low quantum efficiencies in these materials. In the same pair of materials, we have shown how the ground state dark trions and biexcitons can become bright and recombine radiatively through an electron-electron intervalley scattering process, resulting in new observable lines in the photoluminescence spectra of these materials. The ability to form van der Waals heterostructures of two or more layers of these materials, allows for new degrees of freedom to be explored and utilised. The heterobilayer system made of MoSe2/WSe2 has a type-II band alignment, allowing for the formation of interlayer bound complexes with carriers localized on opposite layers. We studied the bound complexes formed in this bilayer system, localized on donor impurities. We used quantum Monte Carlo methods to obtain binding energies and wave functions, and calculated the radiative rates and doping dependent photoluminescence spectra of these complexes for closely aligned layers, and asymptotic behaviour for strongly misaligned layers. Finally, we studied few-layers of 2H-stacked transition metal dichalcogenides. The van der Waals quantum well structure results in the splitting of the conduction and valence bands into multiple subbands with energy spacings covering densely the infrared to far-infrared spectral range. We developed a hybrid k.p-tight binding model parameterised by DFT calculations of monolayer and bulk crystals of the studied materials. We used the model to describe the subband dispersions, transition energies, phonon induced broadening and resulting absorption lineshapes for both p-doped and n-doped few-layer films.

Three-dimensional (3D) structural determination of biological macromolecules is not only critical to understanding their mechanisms, but also has practical applications. Combining the high resolution imaging of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and efficient computer processing, protein structures in solution or in two-dimensional (2D) crystals can be determined. The lipid monolayer technique uses the high affinity binding of 6His-tagged proteins to a Ni-nitrilotriacetic (NTA) lipid to create high local protein concentrations, which facilitates 2D crystal formation. In this study, several proteins have been crystallized using this technique, including the SARS virus Nsp15 endonuclease and the human Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 extracellular domain (ECD). Single particle analysis can determine protein structures in solution without the need for crystals. 3D structures of several protein complexes had been solved by the single particle method, including IniA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Nsp15 and TLR3 ECD. Determining the structures of these proteins is an important step toward understanding pathogenic microbes and our immune system.

The evolution of technology in the textile industry reached the design of embroidery patterns for machine embroidery. In order to create quality designs the shapes to be embroidered need to be segmented into regions that define different parts. One of the objectives of our research is to develop a method to automatically segment the shapes and by doing so making the process faster and easier. Shape analysis is necessary to find a suitable method for this purpose. It includes the study of different ways to represent shapes. In this thesis we focus on shape representation through its skeleton. We make use of a shape's skeleton and the shape's boundary through the so-called feature transform to decide how to segment a shape and where to place the segment boundaries. The direction of stitches is another important specification in an embroidery design. We develop a technique to select the stitch orientation by defining direction lines using the skeleton curves and information from the boundary. We compute the intersections of segment boundaries and direction lines with the shape boundary for the final definition of the direction line segments. We demonstrate that our shape segmentation technique and the automatic placement of direction lines produce sufficient constrains for automated embroidery designs. We show examples for lettering, basic shapes, as well as simple and complex logos.

In 1896, a French cinema pioneer named George Méliès demonstrated that an object could be set to motion by changing the objects shape or movement frame by frame. But it was not until the early 1900s that this specific genre of filmmaking became a great success. The animations were essentially short and were animated and published in The United States of America. The interest in animated movies began to increase, not only in the west, but also in Europe and Asia. The art of animation grew especially popular in Japan, and emerged as a parallel to Japanese comic books known more commonly as Manga.The history of Japanese animation is not as commonly known as the history of American animation. Most people know of Disney and how Walt Disney changed the world of animation. Most people also know that Disney was the first company to release an animated feature film in color- Snow White (1937). But there are not many people outside of the Asian countries that know the history of Japanese animation- How Japanese animation started out and later evolved and affected the Western form of animation.The aim of this thesis is to provide the reader with insight into the history of Japanese animation. To give the reader knowledge of where Japanese animation originated and why, and also to bring forth the factors that affected Japanese animators in the development of animated movies in the early 1900s and forward.A study of previous material on this subject was done in order to answer these questions. Both printed material and electronically downloaded material was collected and amazed in order to obtain information to specific background materials and information about the history of animation in Japan.It was concluded that in order to get an insight in the Japanese animation history, it was necessary to analyze the Japanese art traditions of Ukiyo-e, which according to many scientist, are the original roots of the Japanese art of anime and manga.Through the analysis it also becomes clear that manga and anime is not simply a copy if it’s western counterparts, but a combination of both Japanese and western styles. In this way the Japanese tradition of manga and anime have survived but undergone a form of renewal through the years.

Advances in 3D computer technology have led to aesthetic experimentation within the comics medium. Comic creators have produced comic books done entirely with 3D models that are then assembled digitally for the printed page. However, in using these 3D objects in a comic format, the creators have developed art styles that do not adhere to the paradigms established by this traditionally 2D medium. More successful results can be achieved by integrating 3D computer generated imagery with traditional 2D imagery, rather than replacing it. This thesis develops a method of combining rendered 3D models with 2D vector graphics to create a comic book art style that is consistent with the traditional medium, while still taking advantage of the new technology.

Three-dimensional (3D) structural determination of biological macromolecules is not only critical to understanding their mechanisms, but also has practical applications. Combining the high resolution imaging of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and efficient computer processing, protein structures in solution or in two-dimensional (2D) crystals can be determined. The lipid monolayer technique uses the high affinity binding of 6His-tagged proteins to a Ni-nitrilotriacetic (NTA) lipid to create high local protein concentrations, which facilitates 2D crystal formation. In this study, several proteins have been crystallized using this technique, including the SARS virus Nsp15 endonuclease and the human Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 extracellular domain (ECD). Single particle analysis can determine protein structures in solution without the need for crystals. 3D structures of several protein complexes had been solved by the single particle method, including IniA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Nsp15 and TLR3 ECD. Determining the structures of these proteins is an important step toward understanding pathogenic microbes and our immune system.

Hemodialysis is widely used for kidney failure patients, it is well known that oxidative stress is induced during hemodialysis process. To figure out what kind of proteins may adhere to the hemodialysis tube, and were those proteins oxidized during dialysis process. In this study, proteins adhere to hemodialysis membrane are eluted and examined by protein two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF technique. The two-dimensional gel electrophoresis results demonstrate 153 proteins binding to hemodialysis tube including Vsm-Rho GEF, Fibroblast growth factor 23, Prothrombin, Glomulin and Nucleobindin-1. The oxidation detection shows that some tube binding proteins are oxidized including MAP4K3 protein and Sulfiredoxin-1, and the oxidation level of hemodialysis tube binding proteins are higher then serum proteins. In conclusion, we find out 20 novel proteins which bind to hemodialysis tube and 5 novel proteins which oxidized during hemodialysis. And protein oxidation level was related to inflammation where high CRP levels were detected.