T cell activation and thymic selection are thought to be determined by the binding propensity (avidity or affinity) of the T cell receptor (TCR) to its ligands. However, binding propensity quantified by previous 3D TCR–pMHC kinetics such as using tetramer staining or surface plasmon resonance (SPR) under estimate TCR–pMHC interaction due to neglecting physiological conditions. Recent studies considering membrane contribution in TCR–pMHC interaction reported 2D kinetics and force regulated bond dissociation kinetics have better prediction to biological responses in CD8+ T cells. In this study, we further tested the findings in CD4+ T cells and CD4+ CD8+ (double-positive, DP) thymocytes. We analyzed TCR–pMHC interaction for a well-characterized panel of altered peptide ligands (APLs) on multiple transgenic mouse TCR systems. Using ultrasensitive 2D mechanical assays, in situ 2D kinetic measurements show better sensitivity than the SPR 3D kinetic measurements in gauging the ligand potency and thymic selection. Furthermore, force-regulated bond lifetime of TCR–pMHC interaction amplifies the discrimination in recognition of APLs and thymic selection. When force was applied to TCR–pMHC–CD4/8 bonds, two distinct patterns emerged: agonist/negative selecting ligands formed CD4/8-dependent catch-slip bonds where lifetime first increased, reached a maximum, then decreased with increasing force, whereas antagonist/positive selecting ligands formed slip-only bonds where lifetime monotonically decreases with increasing force. Our results highlight an important role of mechanical force in ligand discrimination and suggest a new mechanism for T cell activation and thymic selection that is distinct from previous models based on 3D measurements.

Les anticorps thérapeutiques sont couramment utilisés pour le traitement contre le cancer. Ils sont sélectionnées par leur affinité avec leur antigène mesuré normalement dans un environnent à trois dimensions (3D). Cependant, de fois les interactions anticorps-antigène ont lieu à l’interface entre deux cellules (i.e. 2D). Nous faisons l’hypothèse que les contraintes physiques à cette l’interface telles que la force et le mouvement relatif des molécules confinées aux surfaces modulent les propriétés de la liaison anticorps-antigène. Notre but est d’explorer les liens entre la mécanique de la liaison et la réponse cellulaire. Pour quantifier la cinétique 2D et la mécanique de ces interactions, nous avons effectué des mesures en utilisant la chambre à flux laminaire des deux anticorps à domaine unique (sdAbs) ciblant le récepteur CD16 exprimé dans la cellule Natural Killer (NK) et cinq sdAbs ciblant le marqueur tumoral HER-2 exprimé dans certains cancers. Nos résultats montrent des liaisons glissantes, idéales et pour la première fois, une liaison accrocheuse dans des interactions anticorps-antigène. Des expériences d’adhésion cellulaire montrent une corrélation entre la résistance à la force de la liaison accrocheuse et une meilleure adhésion des NK. Des sdAbs ont été sélectionnés pour constituer des anticorps bi-specifiques (bsAbs) capables de recruter des NK contre des cellules cancéreuses HER-2+. Ces bsAbs induisent une cytotoxicité supérieur a celle de l’anticorps de référence. Leur efficacité est modulée par la mécanique du coté antiCD16 du bsAbs en fonction de la nature de la cellule cancéreuse, suggérant un rôle de la force pour les faibles densités de HER-2. / Therapeutic antibodies have become a major treatment in cancer due in part to their ability to recruit immune cells onto tumours. They are selected on the basis of their affinity for their antigen in a three dimensions (3D) environment. However, in some major modes of action, antibodies do bind the antigen at the interface between immune cells and target cells. We hypothesize that the physical constraints of cell-cell interface (i.e. 2D), including force and relative motion of molecules confined at surfaces, modulate the antigen-antibody binding. Specifically, we aim at exploring the links between bond mechanics and cellular response. To quantify 2D kinetics and mechanics, we perform measurements using the laminar flow chamber of two Single Domains Antibodies (sdAbs) against the surface receptor CD16 expressed in Natural Killer (NK) cells and five sdAbs against the tumoral marker HER-2 expressed in some breast cancers. Our results show three different bond dissociation behaviour under force; slip, ideal and for the first time, a catch bond. Cell adhesion experiments over sdAb antiCD16 coated surfaces reveal a correlation between antibody resistance to force and a larger spreading of NK cells. Based on their force behaviour, some sdAbs were selected to be fused forming bi-specific antibodies (bsAbs) able to recruit NK cells toward HER-2+ cancer cells. All new bsAbs display a better efficacy in cytotoxicity than the reference therapeutic antibody. We show that their efficacy is modulated by the mechanical behaviour of the antiCD16 side, depending on the nature of the target cell line, which may hint to an effect of force dependence in the limit of low antigen coverage.