During the Second World War, specifically after the Nazi invasion of the USSR on 22 June 1941, Britain was forced to rethink its stance on the Soviet Union. Aside from improving diplomatic relations, there was the question of how to present the Soviet Union to the British population. The Government feared that the British Left would promote Communism by capitalising on the public's new-found support for the Soviet Union, which was an understandable concern given that Communist Party membership in Britain rose from 12,000 in 1941 to 65,000 in September 1942. Steps were therefore taken by the British Government to outdo the Communist Party and its affiliates. To do this, it was decided that the endorsement of Anglo-Soviet relations might be less politically orientated and instead gravitate towards cultural achievements, allowing the issue of Communism to be sidelined. Broadcasting, having the ability to reach the majority of the population, was put to use as a way to influence and shape the thoughts of the public. This thesis presents a case study in Anglo-Soviet cultural propaganda, each chapter detailing a specific event or radio programme organised and broadcast by the BBC during the period of 1941-1945. More specifically the focus is on what Russian, and especially Soviet music, was used and for what purpose. The first chapter examines the arguments and internal correspondence surrounding the banning of the `Internationale', then the Soviet anthem, on the BBC. The following chapter demonstrates the complexities in Anglo-Soviet cultural relations by exploring a birthday concert organised by the BBC for Joseph Stalin in December 1941, at a time when the Soviet anthem was still banned. The two succeeding chapters chronicle the BBC's involvement in the celebrations of significant dates on the Soviet calendar, specifically Soviet National Day and Red Army Day. The chapter on Soviet National Day discusses the BBC's 1942 broadcast of Prokofiev's Alexander Nevsky Cantata and two movements from Shostakovich's `Leningrad' Symphony; however, the main focus is an examination of a three-hour broadcast on both the Home and Forces Services of Soviet-themed programmes for Soviet National Day 1943. The Red Army Day chapter discusses Britain's celebrations for the 25t" anniversary of the Red Army in February 1943, which showcased a variety of British and Soviet music in the form of pageantry, and the less elaborate celebrations for the 26th anniversary in 1944, which used only British music. This thesis will illustrate how the media, in particular the BBC Home Service, were used to further the Government's political agenda, while at the same time shaping British culture during the Second World War and paving the way for an enhanced appreciation of Soviet music in Britain in the years to come.

This dissertation examines the quality of opinion poll reporting by Irish newspapers. It analyses the reporting quality in two specific phases: accuracy and framing. It is a content analysis based on the principles of Berelson (1944, 1952), Bryman (2004) and Deacon et al (2002), that measures the accuracy of news media reporting of opinion polls and also measures bias in terms of the framing methods used to construct the opinion poll reports. The accuracy analysis is based on applying the work of Meyer (1991,2000), Broh (1980), Anderson (2000), Maier (2003, 2005), Sonck and Loosveldt (2008) and the AAPOR to the Irish print media during the years 2005 to 2011. The framing analysis uses the work of Druckman (2001, 2003, 2004, 2005 & 2007) and Entman. (1989, 1993 & 2007) to establish a definition of framing while applying the work of Tankard (2001), Nelson, Oxley and Clawson (1997) and de Vreese (2005, 2012) to create a basis for measuring framing effects. The work of Herman and Chomsky (1988), Patterson (2013), Bennett (2012). Deuz (2011) and Richardson (2007) is used to provide an ideological approach to analysing the media practices uncovered in the research. I conclude illat opinion poll reporting in Irish newspapers is endemically inaccurate and systematically biased and that a new set of reporting principles is needed.

Guided by theory in both the trust and leadership domains, the overarching aim of this thesis was to answer a fundamental question. Namely, how and when does trust-building between leaders and followers enhance leader-member exchange (LMX) development and organisational trust? Although trust is considered to be at the crux of the leader-follower relationship, surprisingly little theoretical or empirical attention has been devoted to understanding the precise nature of this relationship. By integrating both a typology of trustworthy behaviour and a process model of trust development with LMX theory, study one developed and tested a new model of LMX development with leader-follower trust-building as the primary mechanism. In a three wave cross-lagged design, 294 student dyads in a business simulation completed measures of trust perceptions and LMX across the first 6 months of the LMX relationship. Trust-building was found to account for unexplained variance in the LMX construct over time, while controlling for initial relationship quality, thus confirming the critical role of the trust-building process in LMX development. The strongest evidence was found for the role of integrity-based trust-building behaviour, albeit only when such behaviour was not attributed to insincere motives. The results for ability and benevolence-based trustworthy behaviour revealed valued insights into the developmental nature of trustworthiness perceptions within LMX relationships. Thus, the pattern of results in study one provided a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the dynamic interplay between trust and LMX. In study two, leader trust-building was investigated cross-sectionally within an organisational sample of 201 employees. The central aim of this study was to investigate whether leader trust-building within leader-follower relationships could be leveraged for organisational trust. As expected, the trust-building process instigated by members in study one was replicated for leaders in study two. In addition, the results were most consistent for benevolence-based trust building, whereas both integrity- and ability-based trust-building were moderated by the position of the leader within the organisation’s hierarchy. Overall, the findings of this thesis shed considerable light on the richness of trusting perceptions in organisations, and the critical role of trust-building in LMX development and organisational trust.

No description available.

Social power, or the ability to control resources and influence others’ outcomes, has been found to facilitate successful attainment of single goals by increasing attentional focus and the ability to inhibit irrelevant information. However, the relationship between power and multiple-goal pursuit has not yet been investigated. The current thesis first examined whether power influences strategies during multiple-goal pursuit. It was hypothesized that powerful individuals are more inclined to single-task (attend to tasks in a sequential manner) and powerless individuals tend to multitask (attend to tasks simultaneously or switch rapidly between them) when faced with multiple demands. Six studies were conducted and showed (in general) a effect of power on multitasking and prioritization tendencies. Specifically, reported tendency for multitasking and number of switches planned between various tasks decreased as a function of power (Chapter 2). This negative relationship between power and multitasking tendency was replicated by measuring how many times participants actually switched between multiple goals during goal striving (Chapter 3). Moreover, power was also found to increase prioritization tendency. Second, the thesis investigated the relationship between power and multitasking ability (Chapter 4). It was predicted that powerless participants will show lower multitasking ability than control and powerful participants. Three experiments found that powerless (compared to control and powerful) participants displayed lower performance in dual-tasking and task-switching paradigms, and reported lower abilities in the management of multiple-goals. However, the effect of power on multitasking ability may depend on the multitasking context. These results were found using experimentally manipulated power, individual differences in power, and real-world power roles. Potential mediating factors of power such as mood, confidence, anxiety, rumination, and motivation were also measured. Overall, the thesis established an ironic effect of power as powerless individuals had a higher multitasking tendency but underperformed during demanding multitasking situations.

This thesis examines whether formal leadership development programmes can improve the delivery of leadership within the context of four specific sectors. These are UK local government, the UK Fire and Rescue Service, the UK armed services and the New Zealand public services. Theories of leadership development are linked to theories of leadership, with the conclusion drawn that leadership development perspectives are influenced and follow principles of leadership theory. Two broad foci of leadership development are identified, ‘individual’ and ‘collective’. Within these, four particular ‘schools’ of leadership development are discussed in order to establish a guide to consider what may constitute an effective leadership development process - behavioural, authentic, coalition and experiential. These four theoretical models are presented with a view to further testing in the field. It is suggested that a research method which values and gives voice to the subjective constructions of actors in the process of leadership development should be adopted. The case is made for an ethnographic method – specifically citing its capacity for rich, deep descriptions, data capture over an extended period of time and within a range of settings. Results are presented offering support for three of the four models presented – authentic, coalition and experiential, but not for behavioural leadership development. The case is made that leadership development programmes, from the perspective of participants and their colleagues, do improve the practice of leadership – at least to a degree. It is stated, however, that it is a basic principle of ethnography that such a finding will always be bound by the context within which the data was gathered. Furthermore, it is noted that there was evidence present of more than one of the models presented co-existing within leadership development programmes. In fact, where this happened, participants believed a more dramatic improvement had taken place. With this in mind, a synthesis model is suggested, which seeks to view leadership development as a sensemaking process, rather than as a series of separate events.

This research examined theoretical and emotional interrelations among social values, emotion, and action. Data from nine experiments revealed some novel and important findings. Experiments 1 to 3 examined the motivational dynamics of values by observing the effects of priming motivationally opposing values on judgment and behaviour. The results showed that priming tradition values reduced the better-than-average effect, but priming stimulation values increased it. Also, priming security values increased cleanliness behaviour, but priming self-direction values decreased it. Similarly, security values decreased curiosity behaviours, but priming self-direction values increased it. These findings supported the circular model's assumption about motivational interconnections between values. Experiments 4-9 examined the motivational dynamics of values by observing the effects of priming emotion on the importance of motivationally opposing values. Three types of negative emotion were primed: sadness, disgust, and shame. The results revealed that the context of the emotions determined their effect on values. Experiments 4 and 5 found that death-related sadness (e.g., passing away of a family member), but not failure-related sadness, led to increased importance of self-transcendence values (e.g., helpfulness) and decreased importance of self-enhancement values (e.g., self-success). Experiments 6 and 7 found that moral disgust (e.g., terrorists), but not hygiene disgust, led to increased importance of self-transcendence values and decreased importance of self-enhancement values. Experiment 8 found that moral shame, but not performance shame, led to increased importance of conservation values (e.g., conformity) and decreased importance of openness to change values (e.g., independence). Experiment 9 found that the context of shame interacts with prior individual differences to shape values and that these effects extend to value-relevant behaviour. Together, these findings provide novel support for important assumptions about motivational interconnections between values, while connecting these assumptions to extant evidence regarding the effects of goal and value priming on action and to evidence regarding the effects of emotion on social judgment and action. In addition, the results provide novel evidence in support of the importance of emotion appraisal processes in value-relevant judgment and behaviour.

Climate compatible development (CCD) is gaining traction as a conceptual framework for mainstreaming climate change mitigation and adaptation within development efforts. So far, the social justice implications of pursuing CCD goals in different settings have not been comprehensively considered. Social justice research can facilitate understanding of whether and how development, mitigation and adaptation are prioritised, balanced and experienced through CCD. It can also uncover CCD ‘winners’ and ‘losers’ across governance levels and (spatial and temporal) scales. This thesis develops a conceptual model to guide social justice evaluations that considers both issues of procedure (participation and recognition) and distribution. It is used to guide analysis of two projects in Malawi that pursue CCD triple-wins across development, mitigation and adaptation. A mixed methods research design enabled exploration of the social justice implications of project design, implementation and project outcome distributions. Overlap existed between stakeholders’ ‘revealed’ priorities for CCD, but donor power over project design processes encouraged some stakeholders to suppress their preferences. Donor recognition patterns were assimilated within design processes, with other stakeholders’ participation constrained. Poor alignment with contextual power meant implementation processes had only limited success in facilitating procedural justice for local people, especially the most vulnerable households. Findings show that CCD must understand, manage and challenge visible, hidden and invisible forms of power in order to facilitate widespread procedural justice opportunities during design and implementation. Projects achieve CCD triple-wins, but auxiliary benefits and negative side-effects have also been experienced by professional stakeholders and local people, respectively. Outcomes have been experienced unevenly within and between stakeholder groups and serve to worsen inequalities in target villages. Depending on its design and implementation, CCD can create multi-level, cross-scalar patterns of interrelated social justices and injustices. Recommendations are presented to encourage the former and avoid the latter.

This thesis presents a narrative study of leadership identity from a sociocultural perspective. Drawing on Bakhtinian, Vygotskian and Bourdieusian perspectives as a lens to conceptualise identity – Holland et al’s (1998) Agency and Identity in Cultural Worlds (figured worlds) – and argues that learning and development are intrinsically linked to identity construction as individuals, cultural forms, and social positions, come together in co-development, as identity in practice. A thematic analysis, presented as stories from practice, illuminates and explores the contexts of identity construction, as narrated through: early life, childhood and youth; formal study and training; ‘learning moments’ from organisational life reflecting tensions of power, discourse and policy; and the influence of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ leaders – as heroes and villains – of leadership worlds. Overall, a struggle between rhetorical discourses of leadership and organisational realities presented many contradictions to practice as identity work involved putting on ‘a professional mask’ to ‘act the part’ of a ‘tough’ invulnerable leader. Living life in the ‘gap’ between discourse and organisational realities was then often narrated as ‘a bit of a mess’ as stories of tension, resistance and negotiation featured alongside reflections on the complexity of organisational life and the ‘collision’ of professional and personal expectations. However, at times, leadership identity work also reflected a chance to ‘play the game’ and improvise new possibilities for practice narrated through stories of: ‘free-wheeling’, ‘winning’ and ‘rebelling’ against ‘bureaucratic’ cultures; ‘fighting for the underdog’ against ‘aggressive, self-interested’ autocrats; challenging gender positioning in a ‘man’s world’; and navigating ‘the dark side of leadership’ as a ‘good’ ethical leader authentically and emotionally ‘hidden’ behind the veil of identity performance. In offering life history accounts that highlight the tensions, and the possibilities, of leadership identity work in practice, this research presents insights and contributions to growing debates across leadership studies, leadership and management development research, and the educational leadership field. Overall this thesis argues that identity work is an integral aspect of leadership practice, learning and development.

This thesis theoretically and critically examines the move towards people-centred approaches to development. It offers a critical examination of the work of Amartya Sen using theoretical resources emerging from Latin American traditions. Amartya Sen’s calls to understand Development as Freedom (1999) have significantly influenced mainstream development thinking and practice, constituting the clearest example of people-centred approaches to development today. Overcoming the limitations of previous state-centred notions of development articulated around ideas of economic growth, in Sen’s Capability Approach (CA) development is seen as a process of expanding the real freedoms that people enjoy. In this understanding, the agency of development shifts from the state to individuals and the analytic focus moves from economic growth to individual capabilities. In this manner, this framework is structured towards the central goal of empowerment, wherein the expansion of capabilities is seen both as the means and end of development. Since its inception, the widespread support for the CA has allowed for the expansion of ethical considerations within mainstream development thinking. Even while the remarkable advances offered by Sen’s work should be praised, this thesis argues that these have come with new limitations. These limitations stem from, what is termed here, a “Paradox of Empowerment” that effectively encloses Sen’s approach within Western notions of development. While Sen’s approach is poised to provide a theoretical framework that is built on the expansion of freedom and individual agency, there is little agency here to move beyond the ideas of development fundamentally linked to liberal democracies and market economies. This thesis engages with several critical traditions from Latin America, recovering their often undervalued insights for development thinking. Crucially, this engagement provides the critical framework to illustrate the aforementioned paradox and explore multiple dimensions of empowerment central for contemporary development thinking and practice. In this, the thesis engages Sen’s work with the Liberation Theology of Gustavo Gutierrez, with Paulo Freire’s Critical Pedagogy and with the contemporary discussions of ‘Buen Vivir’ associated with Indigenous philosophies of the Andean region. Throughout its chapters,it uncovers the conceptual baggage within the Paradox of Empowerment in Sen’s work and examines the ethical challenges and boundaries of this approach in relation to the collective dimension of development processes, the possibilities for structural transformation and concerns for sustainability. Progressively engaging the different dimensions of this paradox, this thesis advances the recovery of the transformative potential of the ideas of empowerment for development.