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This la an ethnography of Jamaica Migration to them UK. The purpose of the study la to locate migrants' views within the spectrum of migration debates; thereby bridging the gap between theories of migration and the perception/ experiences/stories of migrants. The continued remigration ambitions of the majority of this group of first generation labour migrants, despite forty years of residence in the UK, leads one to pool« the thesis that they are reluctant settlers. The sstudy explores this thesis, by highlighting and examining the social and economic context of labour migration from Jamaica to the UK during the 1940’ a to 1965 period. A number of theoretical dimensions are explored, relating to:- (1) Intricate macro and micro dynamic expelling factors in Jamaica (2) the socio- politico-economic factors surrounding the implosion and incorporation of African-Caribbean migrants into the British economy; (3) the employment characteristics of these migrant labourers, in terms of resource utility, actual and potential application within the receiving country, and remuneration for the migrants. By looking at various theoretical debates and raising sometimes 'controversial' issues- an attempt is made to come to grips with the basic pproblem of migration when it relates to groups of people who are perceived to be extremely different from the natives This study has come at an opportune time am it will inform and contribute to contemporary debates about the increasing politicisation and institutionalisation of racism and xenophobia, particularly in the climate of European Community consolidationn towards 1992. This by Implication la an attempt to ensure that the migrants’ view la not overlooked ln the above mentioned preparations and consolidations.

Unter dem Titel »Jugend im demografischen Wandel« wurden in Erlbach und Markneukirchen neue Methoden zur Jugendmitwirkung in Kommunen erprobt. Jugendliche aus beiden Gemeinden haben Aktionspläne entwickelt und beteiligen sich an der Umsetzung. Die Broschüre in Form eines Praxis-Leitfadens dient als Anleitung zum Nachmachen.

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The objective of this thesis is to study the phenomenon of postwar migration both theoretically and empirically with a view to establishing relationships between social relations and migration. Migration is studied here within a conceptual framework of mode of production, relations of production, hegemony, and cash nexus. The historical aspects of migration are acknowledged throughout. The thesis then studies the theories of migration that are available and traces their developments. In this process, the thesis discovers ideology in many migration theories and literature. It selects three specific problematics of the postwar migration, named as 'zonal imbalance', 'mother country' migration, heavy representation of people who form lower SEGs. By examining these three closely, the thesis reveals many erroneous conception and notions about the postwar migration. In this process, the thesis rejects 'individualistic' and 'voluntary' actions in postwar migration. For the empirical part, Bangalee migration from Bangladesh to Britain has been chosen for its typicality and other reasons. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods have been used. Two control groups, one in Britain, (migrants) and another in Bangladesh (non-migrants, who had had the opportunity to migrate at some point in time, but did not) have been studied in as much depth as possible. The findings of the experience of the respondents are offered in relation to the historical evidence, particularly the relations of production in Bangladesh, and migration history of Bangladesh. Despite the basis of a small universe used in this research, international and historical persepectives have always been borne in mind. The objective remained the study of the totality of migration. Having taken the views of those who did not migrate (non-migrants) at a time when 'everyone was going', this research can claim to be a unique way of exploring a sociological phenomenon by negative investigation. The concluding part is in two chapters. In the first, the thesis has attempted to develop four new categories of migration to end the debate who can or cannot be called a migrant. It then exposes the myths of migration. Having established that socio-cultural transition migration, which is one of the four categories developed in this chapter, is the major concern of most migration studies, the thesis argues that a subtle process of 'branding' exists in the matters of encouraging migration to a country, whether the country is situated in the 'First World' or in the NICs. In fact, since '90s, the trends in the global population movements have changed so rapidly and radically that all older theories fail to explain the new phenomenon. The thesis argues that in order to understand 'migration', one has to study the changes that have occured in the social relations, emanating from changes in their relations of production. Finally, the thesis asserts that the phenomenon of human migration can possibly be explained within the conceptual framework chosen. It concludes that social relations play a major role in migration and offers a definition towards developing a sociological theory of migration.

This research identifies and examines the circumstances and processes surrounding the migration and racialisation of doctors from the Indian subcontinent to Britain. Theoretically the research will critically evaluate several current debates within sociology and reconstructs a different set of criteria to that which has until recently governed investigations into racism. The research argues that the concept of 'race' is an ideological construction with no analytical role to play in the investigation of racism and discrimination. The real object of analysis is the development and reproduction of racism as an ideology within specific historical and material conjunctures determined by the uneven development of capitalism. Within this context a full explanation of the migration and racialisation of doctors from the Indian subcontinent requires not only an examination of the post-war era, but also an investigation of the origins of that migration and racialisation during the pre-1945 period when India was the subject of British rule. A great deal of contemporary research on migration and racism, has tended to concentrate on unskilled and semi-skilled migrant labour. This study will focus on the neglected area of the 'professions', through an investigation of doctors from the Indian subcontinent and their relationship with the British 'professional' occupation of medicine. Through the exegesis and critique of the 'sociology of professions', the research will demonstrate that doctors from the Indian subcontinent represent a racialised fraction of the new middle class. The main question surrounding the analysis of the relationship between Indian doctors and the British 'professional' occupation of medicine as 'gatekeepers' of the occupation, will focus on the relationship between professionalism and racism. The research will contend that the content of professionalism does not merely define certain occupations as 'professions', but more importantly, professionalism like racism is an ideology. Professionalism not only operates to justify and legitimate the supposed special status of medicine, but it also reinforces racist exclusionary practices in a 'sanitised' form within the occupation. This provides the research with the rare opportunity of analysing the nature and content of two ideologies operating within the same arena: the relationship between racism and professionalism. This will illustrate that the racism which black migrant 'professional' labour is subject to, does not only operate in a functional way for capitalism in providing labour for the less desirable specialisms of medicine, but also operates through the mediation of the occupation of medicine to help reproduce the 'professional status' of the occupation.

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Fertility studies using quantitative methods often present individuals or couples as autonomous decision-makers who make deliberate fertility decisions and have a fairly clear and consistent preference for family size and the timing of parenthood. This study aimed to explore the extent this view reflects experiences by examining how individuals talked about and made sense of parenthood and family. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with thirteen women and twelve men residing in Scotland between February 2009 and May 2010. Respondents were first asked to respond to vignettes of fertility scenarios, designed to elicit discussions around the limits to reproductive autonomy. Using a life grid, respondents were also asked to reflect on their experiences and intentions around the issue of parenthood and family. During the interviews, respondents spoke about the reasons for and against having children, their preferences for and expectations of family size, the timing of parenthood and communicating with their partners in relation to parenthood. Respondents' accounts were analysed reflexively, focusing on the references they drew upon when constructing their accounts and locating the interview as a setting in which these accounts were generated. Respondents' accounts highlighted the tension between the affirmation of personal choice and autonomy in principle and their subscription to a variety of powerful social norms. Respondents’ rhetorical commitment to women’s reproductive autonomy was very strongly articulated in their response to the vignettes. When accounting for their own fertility preferences and decision-making processes respondents referred to a range of social conventions and constraints limiting their choices. Parenthood was described as a normative transition in terms of being ‘natural’ and ‘expected’ in the life course. Respondents, who identified as ‘childfree’ however, presented themselves as being made accountable for making the decision to not have children. A majority of respondents expressed a clear family size preference of two, but in practice respondents qualified this by taking into consideration a variety of biological, material and social circumstances. Respondents saw parenthood as being constrained by the fulfilment of a range of common ‘preconditions’, which included the completion of education, being in secure employment, being in a stable relationship and having material and social resources for raising children; the postponement of parenthood until these preconditions were met was presented by respondents as being ‘responsible’. Further, the varying degrees of communication respondents said they had with their partners around the issue of parenthood, and the nature of that communication, suggested that fertility behaviours were rarely the outcome of explicit, conscious negotiations and joint decision-making by partners. This study demonstrated that fertility decisions are guided by social norms around parenthood and negotiated constantly in response to changing personal and social contexts. The heterogeneity of the sample enabled a rich analysis of the role of gender and age on the differential experiences and expectations expressed in respondent’s’ accounts. This study adds to the small but growing body of literature that highlights the value of applying qualitative research methods to the study of fertility, which is particularly useful in gaining a deeper understanding of fertility as a social process.

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