No description available.

No description available.

This study seeks to analyse the relationship between the international system and democratic governance. While much has been written in recent times about the impact that democratic states have on the international system, the question of whether the international system promotes, hinders or is in contingent relation to the institutionalisation of democracy has not been theorised to the same extent, especially within the discipline of International Relations. The central hypothesis is that forms of state, democratic and non-democratic, are not simply a consequence of domestic processes and forces - cultural/ideological, economic, political- but also of international ones. This is not to deny the importance of domestic contexts but to place these within the larger context of the international system and to analyse their dynamic interrelations. The structure of the thesis takes the form of evaluation, critique and comparison of texts that to some extent have dealt with questions concerning international causes of socio-economic, political and cultural change in a wider social context than is usually found in mainstream IR literature. These are as follows: 1. Barrington Moore Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy 2. Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation 3. Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy 4. Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies 5. David Held, Democracy and the Global Order Beyond the arguments of the specific authors, a critique of liberal internationalism is attempted - a potentially significant interpretation of the international system, of democracy and of their interrelations. Finally, the concluding chapter seeks to elaborate a coherent framework for analysing the complex relations and salient variables established in the five main chapters and to provide a basis upon which to conclude whether indeed the international system may be said to promote or hinder the institutionalisation of democracy within states.

No description available.

No description available.

Among the interpretations of the Rwandan genocide of 1994, those stressed within this dissertation have received little emphasis in previous analyses. Ethnic cleavages between the Hutu and the Tutsi resulting from colonial policy, or earlier history, or both; the racialization of the Tutsi as an alien people; the role of international actors and the withdrawal of the UN protection on the eve of genocide; the economic and political difficulties caused by structural adjustment programmes (SAPs)-all these been stressed strongly by analysts. Here two other interpretations are stressed: the statelessness of Batutsi refugees in the asylum countries of Burundi, Uganda, Tanzania and Zaire, are given greater salience in explaining why the Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF) invaded Rwanda in October 1990 and how this invasion itself indirectly contributed to the subsequent genocide of April - July 1994. For the preceding 30 years, the Batutsi refugees had been denied the right to return to their country of origin as rightful citizens while those remaining inside it had been subjected to discrimination. The government of Gregoire Kayibanda (1961- 1973) purged Batutsi who had not fled from earlier pogroms from all positions of authority in the political, civil, and educational sectors of the Rwandan government. The regime of Juvenil Habyarimana (1973-1994), stepped up the policy of systemic discrimination against Batutsi under the policy of ethnic proportionality. In addition to harassment, intimidation, expulsion and persecution in their countries of asylum, particularly in Uganda and Zaire, Batutsi refugees became pawns in the internal politics of these countries. This study considers the RPF's invasion additionally as an armed response to these problems. The invasion and the RPF's imminent success fuelled extremist tendencies inside Rwanda, which, in turn, masterminded and executed the genocide of between 500,000 and 800,000 Batutsi and Bahutu moderates.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.