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Over the last few decades, a sizable proportion of scholarly attention has focused on trading communities around the Atlantic littoral. While there has been much research conducted regarding these communities, such as the work of Cathy Matson, Bernard Bailyn and Graeme Milne, there is not one study that compares or investigates the connections between Liverpool and New York between 1750 and 1833. The only focused examinations of the Liverpool-New York trade concentrate on the successful cotton trade of the 1820s and 1830s. Yet as two leading ports in Atlantic trade from the mid-eighteenth century onwards, they make for excellent case studies as the trading community and trade grew throughout this period despite being affected by many events occurring within the Atlantic world. Therefore, examining the Liverpool-New York trading community after the end of the Seven Years' War until the Abolition of Slavery in the British West Indies provides an excellent perspective on the transition from colonial to post-colonial Anglo-American commercial activity in the Atlantic world. These two ports expanded at similar rates in the eighteenth century and became linked in a relationship of continual exchange from the middle of this century. The trade between Liverpool and New York was comprised of an array of commodities which demonstrated the extent of the merchants' links to the hinterland and expansive coastal trades. Through the use of newspaper import lists, custom service records, customs bills of entry and the records of the Tontine Coffee House in New York, a new database has been constructed which demonstrates the volume of a wide-range of commodities traded between each port. This data shows the extent to which the trade was transformed over this seventy year period and its increasing diversity and complexity. New York exports to Liverpool were first comprised of raw goods procured from the direct hinterland. However, by the nineteenth century New York merchants spread their connections much further afield. As such, commodities from the southern states such as North Carolina and Georgia, the West Indies, Central and South America became a crucial part of a coastal and re-export trade. The exports from Liverpool to New York also changed through this period as manufacturing expanded in Lancashire, Yorkshire and the Midlands and liverpool extended its connections further into this productive hinterland. Above all, what is most remarkable is the rate at which this trade grew between 1763 and 1833, and the extent to which the merchants involved in this trade were responsible for this growth. Between 1763 and 1833, the larger Liverpool-New York trade network encompassed many dynamic merchants who maintained relationships with trusted correspondents and who were dedicated to the expansion of this trade. These relationships were evident in the collections of personal and business correspondence, chamber of commerce meeting minutes and travel diaries which have been utilised in this study in order to evaluate the efficiency of this network and the success and failings of individual merchant firms. Throughout this period, the network of merchants was transformed as it contracted and expanded in response to changes in trading conditions. This change over time can be divided into three phases (1760s-1780s; 1790s-1815 and 1815-1833). During these phases, merchants relied on chains of commodity and information exchange in order to make informed decisions about their trade. While at times relationships between merchants in Liverpool and New York were problematic, by and large the trade and trading community expanded by virtue of the efforts of these merchants to promote and protect their trade. From the 1760s to the 1830s,this trade network changed from a small group of merchants trading in a few commodities procured from the direct hinterland, to a large community of well-established firms which possessed connections to many trades, industries and locations. This trading community, which started as a small but important part of the Atlantic economy, by the 1830s was at its centre. The central location of both ports meant they were often affected by events occurring in the Atlantic sphere. Firms which possessed numerous reliable contacts and a varied commodity portfolio typically fared well in situations of extreme fluctuation and uncertainty. Smaller firms with limited access to alternative sources for commodities and information were usually less fortunate. Despite the many wars, economic crises, political and environmental changes of this period, the larger Liverpool-New York trade network was resilient. Mapping these networks and how they were affected by events during this transitional period demonstrates the volatility of Atlantic commerce in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and the ability of merchants in the Liverpool-New York trading community to cope with consistent uncertainty and flux. By illustrating the growth of this trade and the development of the trading community, this study has made an important contribution to the literature on transatlantic trading communities and the Atlantic economy in general.

Peut-on rendre compte des batailles identitaires et territoriales que révèle la globalisation des ressources et des marchés, en décrivant comment une plante cultivée depuis plusieurs siècles en Amazonie brésilienne se transforme en plante « sauvage » ou, à l’opposé, en plante « technologique » ? La thèse explore, dans un contexte de transition écologique et de critique du paradigme agricole moderniste, les expressions et les enjeux locaux de ce basculement socio-environnemental, en s’intéressant aux relations qui se tissent entre des hommes et une plante emblématique de la région, le guaraná (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis). En croisant les regards sur quatre projets distincts de valorisation de cette plante énergisante, elle interroge aussi la manière dont des populations amazoniennes se saisissent de ce contexte mouvant et innovent pour négocier leur rapport à la modernité, à la croisée de filières mondialisées et d’un territoire, le Bas-Amazonas, où la plante est historiquement inscrite. Dans le sillage de l’école interdisciplinaire des humanités environnementales, notre travail aborde le guaraná comme un acteur des projets étudiés. Il combine des enquêtes ethnobotaniques à une approche socio-anthropologique inspirée des science studies, pour rendre compte des expériences locales de la plante et des multiples formes que prend l’innovation dans une région longtemps restée à l’écart des dynamiques de développement. En abordant la plante au prisme du concept d’ontologie, nous montrons que coexistent aujourd’hui dans le Bas-Amazonas plusieurs guaranás, définis et façonnés par de multiples ingrédients : des ressources biologiques, des pratiques, des techniques, des savoirs, des représentations, des projets de valorisation et des règles de droits. Loin de représenter différents points de vue sur une même plante, ces « guaranás » sont des plantes distinctes. Ils incarnent les frictions entre différents mondes dont les réseaux plus ou moins étendus s’entrecroisent et cherchent à s’ancrer dans le territoire, pour s’imposer aux autres, pour leur résister, ou inventer de nouvelles représentations du développement territorial. / Can we account for the identity and territorial struggles the globalization of markets and resources reveals, by describing how a plant cultivated for several centuries in the Brazilian Amazon, turns into a « wild » plant or, conversely, into a « technology »? In a context of ecological transition and criticism of the modernist agricultural paradigm, the thesis explores the local expressions and stakes of this socio-environmental shift, focusing on the relationships that form between men and an emblematic plant of the region, guaraná (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis). Considering four distinct projects which promote this energetic plant, it also questions the way Amazonian populations seize this changing context, and innovate in order to negotiate their relationship to modernity, at the crossroads of globalized value chains and of a territory, the Lower Amazonas, where the plant is historically rooted. In the wake of the environmental humanities interdisciplinary stream, our work contemplates guaraná as an actor of the projects studied. We combine ethnobotanical surveys with a socio-anthropological approach inspired by science studies, to portray local experiences of the plant and the multiple forms innovation can take in a region long shelved from the dynamics of development. By approaching the plant through the concept of ontology, we show that that several guaranas coexist today in the Lower Amazonas, defined by several ingredients: biological resources, practices, techniques, knowledge, representations, valuation projects and rules. Far from representing different points of view on the same plant, these "guaranás" are distinct plants. They embody the frictions between different worlds whose more or less extensive networks intersect and seek to anchor themselves in the territory, in order to impose themselves on others, to resist them, or to invent new representations of territorial development.

Cette thèse évalue l'impact économique des politiques de qualité liée à l'origine en mobilisant des méthodes d'évaluation que nous adaptons à la spécificité des démarches de certification, notamment à leur dimension spatiale. Dans un premier temps, nous analysons l'effet de l'adoption d’une Appellation d’Origine Protégée (AOP) sur le prix ainsi que sur les coûts de production des producteurs de lait AOP en Franche-Comté, en exploitant la discontinuité géographique à la frontière (Geographic Regression Discontinuity). Dans un second temps, nous utilisons les méthodes d'appariement statistique pour analyser les hétérogénéités régionales en termes de prix et de coûts de production entre les régions Auvergne, Rhône-Alpes et Franche-Comté avant de nous intéresser aux effets à une échelle nationale. Enfin, nous évaluons l'effet de l'adoption d'une Indication Géographique Protégée (IGP) sur les prix payés aux producteurs de Café de Colombie à l'aide des méthodes comparatives (synthetic control methods). En moyenne, les résultats montrent un effet positif de l'adoption de l'indication géographique sur la performance économique des exploitations. Cependant, cet effet est hétérogène entre les filières et les régions d'origine des produits. / This thesis evaluates the economic impact of quality-related-to-origin policies using evaluation methods adapted to the specificity of such certifications, in particular, the spatial dimension. First, we analyze the effect of a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) adoption on price and production costs of PDO milk producers in Franche-Comté using a Geographic Regression Discontinuity (GRD) design. Secondly, we use propensity matching methods to analyze regional heterogeneity in Auvergne, Rhône-Alpes, and Franche-Comté before focusing on the effect of the PDO adoption at a national level. Finally, we evaluate the effect of the adoption of a Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) on prices paid to Colombian coffee producers using synthetic control methods. Overall, we find that PDO and/or PGI adoption is associated with positive effects on farmers' economic performances. However, these effects are not homogeneously distributed.