This thesis presents a novel approach to part of the problem of the Incidental Question in the Conflict of Laws. Only cases where the answer to what has been called the main question depends on recognition of a foreign judgment (the so called incidental or preliminary question) are included. The problem is analysed as involving a conflict between two different types of conflicts rules i.e. choice of law rules and recognition rules. The thesis examines whether this conflict can be satisfactorily solved by a global preference for either of these rules. Whilst many writers have considered the theoretical base for the conflict of laws, none has yet specifically compared the rationales for choice of law rules and recognition rules in order to determine whether as a matter of principle one type of rule should be preferred to the other rule. This requires a fresh perspective. After rejecting the global solution, the thesis proceeds to examine how a result selecting approach might be applied to the present conflict of rules. After a brief survey of different result selecting approaches, it is concluded that the most appropriate approach in the present conflict of rules context is the construction of specific result orientated rules for each particular category of case. The desired result should be dictated by the policy of the forum, since in fact the conflict is between two conflict rules of the forum. A number of specific topics (including validity of remarriage and matrimonial property rights) concerning recognition of status judgments are considered in depth. The methodology adopted is as follows;- a) . The particular circumstances in which the 'conflict of rules' problem is likely to arise in relation to the particular issue is explained. b). The various possible 'choice of rule' rules which might be adopted for the particular issue are considered. c) . The policy of English law in relation to the particular issue is ascertained and the 'choice of rule' rule which most closely gives effect to that policy recommended. The thesis contributes to jurisprudence of Private International Law in three main ways:- 1. The understanding of conflicts between different types of conflict rules is of fundamental importance to the whole structure of Private International Law. This thesis shows that this problem is of more significance than previously thought. 2. Whilst writers have adopted a functional approach to the incidental question, none have attempted to construct a series of rules based on forum policy. 3. There has been no previous attempt to identify forum (here English) policy in relation to the particular issues chosen.

Where a person (D) who has become liable to pay another person (P) seeks from a third person (R) restitution of all or part of the payment, if the different relationships involved between P, D and R are decided in different forums or under different governing laws, D may not be able to obtain satisfactory recovery from R because the same issues may be determined differently or because there may be a mismatch between different governing laws. This thesis examines the rules of private international law relevant to such situations and proposes some reforms of the law. Thus if the same issues have to be determined in P's claim against D and in D's claim against R independently from each other in different forums, matters that have been established to support P's claim against D may not be established in support of D's claim against R. We will examine whether matters established in P's action against D in a foreign forum are recognised as conclusive against R in D's action against R in England. Then, we will examine in the international context English third party procedure as another way of avoiding independent determination of the same issues. Turning to the obstacles to satisfactory recovery caused by a mismatch of different governing laws, we will first consider whether different claims of recovery that D may have against R should be governed by a single governing law. We will, then, consider whether the contract between P and D and the contract between D and R involved in chain transactions should be referred to a single governing law. Finally, we will consider whether D's liability to P and R's liability to P should be determined by a single governing law for the purpose of recovery under the Civil Liability (Contribution) Act 1978.

This thesis is about the transposition of the Conventions adopted by the Member States of the Community in private international into internal Community measures.  Article 65 of the EC Treaty as amended by the Treaty of Amsterdam allowed the Community to adopt general measures in private international law for the first time.  This competence has been used by the Community to adopt the Brussels I Regulation on jurisdiction and recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters, the insolvency Regulation, the service of documents Regulation, evidence Regulation and the Brussels II and Brussels II bis Regulations on jurisdiction and recognition and enforcement of judgments in matrimonial matters and in matters of parental responsibility.  All these measures have in common, apart from the Evidence Regulation, the fact that they were adopted first as Community conventions.  The thesis aims to analyse the various issues arising out of the transposition of these Conventions into Community Regulations. The Brussels I Convention, which was originally adopted under Article 293(4) (ex 220(4)) EC Treaty, is the main focus of the thesis.  This Convention was the only successful Convention adopted under this Treaty basis and it was adopted by the Member States in 1968.  Because it has been in force for such a long time, it is possible to analyse the Convention negotiation and amendment process, to examine European Court of Justice’s approach to Community conventions and to compare the effectiveness of the convention process of adopting internal Community measures. In relation to the Community Regulations, the main question to be explored is: whether these instruments fulfil the purposes set out in the Treaty.  Article 65 EC allows the Community to adopt private international law measures that are “necessary for the proper functioning of the internal market”.  By looking at the substantive provisions adopted, other international instruments in the field, and other legislative options open to the Community an assessment will be made of whether the purposes of the Treaty were achieved in the best possible manner by adopting these instruments. Finally, the relationship of the Community with the Hague Conference on Private International Law is analysed.  The Hague Conference is a prestigious international organisation with specialty and expertise in private international law.  The effects, if any, that the communitarisation of private international law will have for the working of the Conference, and the position of the Member States in the Conference, will be examined.

This thesis examines the role of human rights discourse in a decolonisation project. It focuses on ‘legal pluralism’, which in Bolivia refers to the constitutional recognition of indigenous legal orders, in the Constitution of Bolivia of 2009. This Constitution was the result of a cycle of social protests in Bolivia between 2000-2005 against neoliberalism, imperialism and colonialism headed by indigenous and peasant organisations that culminated in a Constituent Assembly Process (2006-2009). The thesis takes an transdisciplinary approach in order to define the concepts of legal pluralism, decolonization and indigenous autonomy in the Constitution, as well as to understand the way indigenous movements, the state and other political actors deploy the discourse of indigenous collective rights. The theoretical approach to indigenous rights is also transdisciplinary and focused on the problematization of the notions of culture, indigenous subject and indigenous law in international human rights law and in Bolivia’s current legal framework. The main findings of the research are that the Constitution adopts two competing paradigms in relation to the regulation of state-indigenous relations in general and legal pluralism in specific: a human rights approach and plurinationalism. However, because of the political context of the Constituent Assembly, the predominant approach in the Constitution is the human rights approach. The main argument of the thesis is that the this approach is in tension with plurinationalism because of the predominance in international human rights law of a reifying perspective of indigenous legal orders and cultures and a primitivist conception of indigeneity. The human rights approach therefore limits radical proposals such as the equal hierarchy of state law and indigenous legal orders, as proposed in the context of plurinationalism. In addition, because of its use of a cultural difference paradigm, currently the human rights approach, particularly in the context of judicial cases, depoliticises race and conflicts related to indigenous peoples by dissociating them from existing political and economic structures. Indigenous collective rights in this context become a (neoliberal) form of governmentality that contributes to the legitimation of these structures and the formation of a ‘permitted’ indigenous subject.

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This thesis examines the intersection between authors' moral rights and conflict-of-laws. The research question has been triggered by two important, interlinked factors. The first is that the currently applicable choice-of-law rules to moral rights are the same as those applicable to copyright. The second concerns the fact that moral rights are different from copyright - both in their nature and in the interest they aim to protect. Since these two factors coincide, it is questionable whether it ought to be the case that moral rights are subjected to the same choice-of-law rules as are applicable to copyright. The thesis therefore aims to discover whether the currently applicable choice-oflaw rules available in the context of moral rights are suitable for achieving the goals and objectives of conflict-of-laws. In the course of this thesis, I evaluate the potential validity of detaching moral rights from copyright in conflict-oflaws and instead attaching it to the characterization model of general personality rights. The research question is mainly addressed from the perspective of Rome I and Rome II Regulations. However, as there is no EU harmonization concerning general personality rights in conflict-of-laws, the examination will be directed towards France and England as examples of civil and common law traditions. Moreover, reference will also be made to CLIP and ALI principles by reason of comparison.

Toutefois, l’interaction entre la terre, le territoire et la production globale n’a pas fait l’objet d’une attention importante dans la discipline juridique, y compris par les auteurs qui s’intéressent à la création et la production de valeur dans le capitalisme des chaînes globales d’approvisionnement. Historiquement, le territoire a été central dans la construction des États, comme dans les distinctions sociales et les distributions de pouvoirs qui caractérisent chaque communauté. Pour cettes raisons, j’ai écris cette thèse dans la perspective d’exposer le rôle que le droit tient dans la détermination des modes selon lesquels la terre et le territoire sont intégrés dans le capitalisme transnational, et tout particulièrement lorsqu’il s’agit de les transformer en source de valeur qui peut être appropriée. Dans le premier chapitre, la directive européenne sur l’énergie renouvelable, les traités bilatéraux d’investissement et les accords d’investissement sont présentés comme des structures juridiques qui n’opèrent que superficiellement à différents niveaux juridiques et dans différentes géographies. Le chapitre II se concentre dès lors sur le rôle que les cours « étrangères » ont pris dans la définition de la forme et des mécanismes de production à l’étranger. En adoptant une approche alliant le droit international privé et une analyse globale de la chaîne juridique, le chapitre examine l’Alien Tort Statute (ATS) comme un espace juridictionnel privilégié pour le contentieux en responsabilité. Enfin, le chapitre III s’attelle à montrer la complexité des chaînes globales de production afin de penser les formes redistributives que peut prendre l’intervention juridique. En particulier, le cas de la chaîne du « blood sugar », dont l’origine se trouve au Cambodge est utilisé comme un laboratoire pour une réflexion théorique. Celle-ci part par la reconnaissance que les changements de forme et de géographie de la production peuvent être obtenus par la redéfinition de structures juridiques qui ne sont pas directement en lien avec la situation examinée. Ainsi, les enclosures et évictions sont liés aux abus locaux ainsi qu’aux décisions de l’OMC, aux prêts accordés par des banques australiennes, à l’interprétation du droit de la responsabilité donné par les cours du Royaume-Uni ainsi qu’à une multitude d’autres facteurs juridiques. / Historically, land has been central to the construction of states, along with social distinctions and attributions of power that characterize each community. With different modalities and in different contexts, occupations, treaties and enclosures have shaped the political and legal structure of nations, including who owned the right to exclude and the territorial limits of authority. However, the interrelation between land, territory and global production has received little attention from legal scholars who are interested in the generation and distribution of value in contemporary supply chain capitalism.For the reasons mentioned above, I wrote this dissertation with the objective of exposing the role that law has in determining how land and territory are integrated in transnational capitalism, particularly when it comes to transforming them into sources of value that can be appropriated. According to the 'critical legal chain approach' that I explain in my work, law is not only a connector that allows intra-chain coordination between different hubs of the network but also a central element in the construction, reproduction and existence of each node of the chain and of the whole system of production. As a consequence, law deals with the allocation of bargaining power among the different actors at the micro-level (state, capital, labor) and is involved in the distribution of value and resources at the macro-level (throughout the chain). In Chapter I, the European Renewable Energy Directive, Bilateral Investment Treaties and investment agreements are presented as legal structures that are only superficially operating at different legal levels and in different geographies.Chapter II focuses on the role that 'foreign' courts have in defining the form and mechanisms of production elsewhere in the world. Adopting a combination of Private International Law and Global Value Chains analysis, the Chapter engages with the Alien Tort Statute (ATS) as a privileged jurisdictional space for transnational tort adjudication.Chapter III harnesses the complexity of global chains of production to think about alternative forms of redistributive legal intervention. In particular, the case of the 'blood sugar' chain originating in Cambodia is utilized as laboratory for a theoretical reflection that starts from the recognition that changes in the form and geographies of production can be obtained through the redefinition of legal structures not immediately related with the issue under investigation.

Malgré la fréquence des périodes de crises financières, les États ne bénéficient pas d’un mécanisme d’insolvabilité. Prenant acte de cette absence de régulation institutionnelle, notre recherche poursuit un double objectif : identifier les outils existants pour traiter l’insolvabilité de l’État et évaluer leur efficacité. L’insolvabilité de l’État présente plusieurs spécificités. La première découle de l’absence de régulation en la matière : à défaut de mécanisme d’insolvabilité applicable, c’est le juge qui est susceptible d’être saisi. La seconde relève de la personne du débiteur. La qualité souveraine de la partie débitrice influe sur les modalités de concrétisation de l’insolvabilité. Dans une telle situation, l’État est tenté d’intervenir unilatéralement sur sa dette, soit pour annuler les contrats de prêt, soit pour les suspendre ou les modifier. Enfin, la troisième spécificité réside dans la personne des créanciers. Ceux-ci ne forment pas un tout uniforme. Ils sont issus d’ordres juridiques divers et poursuivent des objectifs variés. Pour répondre à chacune de ces difficultés, le droit international privé constitue un outil privilégié, du moins à l’égard des créanciers privés. Face aux difficultés soulevées par l’insolvabilité de l’État, le résultat est cependant contrasté. Lors de la question de l’accès au juge, le droit international privé se révèle décevant. Il n’est pas apte à satisfaire un traitement unitaire de l’insolvabilité. En revanche, les mécanismes substantiels de droit international privé apportent des progrès significatifs. S’ils sont adaptés, ils sont susceptibles d’assurer une certaine régulation de l’insolvabilité étatique. / Despite the large number of sovereign debt crises around the world over the centuries, international law on the matte is still very much underdeveloped. There exists no bankruptcy regime applicable to sovereign states. With this lack of institutional regulation in mind, our research aims at identifying a set of tools that can be used in order to provide a satisfactory treatment of state insolvency. State insolvency has specific characteristics. Firstly, due to the lack of regulation, the judge is the only authority that can be seized in case of insolvency. Secondly, being a sovereign powers in order to repudiate or modify sovereign debt. It can also declare a moratorium. Thirdly, the insolvency involves various creditors who each have different goals. They come from different legal orders. Private international law is a primary tool to tackle these issues, at least when creditors are private persons. However, the results of this research are contrasted. Private international law is unable to address the difficulties related to the access to the courts. Before judges, the treatment of State insolvency can only be fragmentary. By contrast, at a substantial level, some private international law mechanisms can sustain progress. If they are adjusted, they ensure a certain amount of state insolvency regulation.