This study focuses on European integration of national visa policies as a case study on the constitutional structure of the European Union (EU). The thesis starts by tracing the nature of visas in international practice and in national laws. Visas are inextricably linked to the concept of the State and to some of its essential functions. They express the sovereign right to control entry into the State, play an important role in recognition of other States and governments, and reflect information from overseas embassies. From the national point of view, they are an instrument of foreign policy and of internal security. The present constitutional design of the EU permits the Member States to retain sovereign status and autonomy in the maintenance of internal order and security through recourse to the intergovernmental method for cooperation on foreign and security policy (the Second Pillar) and for police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters (the Third Pillar). Increasingly, the two legal methods deployed by the EU (the Community and the intergovernmental methods) cross-fertilize and the EU acts as a 'unity'. Against this background, the thesis traces the development of the common policy on short-term visas and its characteristics. Within the EU constitutional structure, the nature of visas is at the heart of the difficulties which have been encountered in the process of harmonization and explains the sui generis character of the common policy. The thesis describes cooperation before the Treaty on European Union adopted at Maastricht, under the Schengen Convention and under the Maastricht Treaty. It considers the highly complex legal framework introduced by the Amsterdam Treaty and changes proposed in the Draft Constitutional Treaty. It further considers the issue of 'consistency' with regard to the overlap of powers under different Pillars of the EU on visas and with regard to policy formulation on the 'area of freedom, security and justice'. The thesis finally draws conclusions on what visa policy reveals on constitutional issues such as vertical division of competence, convergence of legal methods, consistency and the increasing complexity of the European legal framework.

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The present thesis deals with the legal position of irregular migrants in the three receiving societies, i. e. Britain, Russia and South Africa. Irregular migrants are an exploited underclass enjoying very few, if any, entitlements in the host countries and so long as their numbers are substantial their status becomes problematic both for them and the receiving society. To deal with these challenges, I propose that immigration policies or regimes, directly or indirectly related to regulation of the irregular migrants' position (internal legal capacity) are too restrictive and discriminatory for the position of irregular migrants and do not constitute an effective means of immigration control. In order to test this hypothesis, a socio-legal analysis of irregular migrants' position is made in the following spheres: entry, residence, employment (including temporary labour migration policies) and social welfare. The position of asylum seekers constitutes an integral part of the present analysis. The research led to two general conclusions in relation to irregular migration. First of all, irregular migrants should be granted at least a limited internal juridical capacity in the countries of residence. Secondly, there should be a more liberal labour migration policy and more balanced approaches to the humanitarian needs of immigrants. These liberal solutions could nevertheless be combined with rigorous internal control.

Le sujet de la thèse que nous traitons depuis deux ans porte sur «l'immigration illégale et la sécurité intérieure en France et au Qatar». Notre ambition est de faire une étude comparative analytique et critique de l'état actuel de l'immigration clandestine dans deux pays nantis : la France un pays européen appliquant des mesures juridiques et administratives européennes du Schengen et le Qatar, un pays du golfe, agissant à son tour dans le cadre d'accords juridiques et administratifs signés avec ses voisins du golfe. Notre champ d’exploration nous semble prometteur et intéressant car nous porterons aujourd'hui notre attention sur les aspects et les impacts actuels de l'immigration clandestine dans les deux pays. Ainsi, nous énonçons comme suit la question générale qui nous permettra de contextualiser notre thème de recherche et de circonscrire notre problématique. Quelles solutions et dispositifs juridiquement irréprochables et défendables mais pragmatiques réalistes et applicables concernant l'immigration clandestine peut-on envisager et mettre en train aujourd'hui et dans un avenir proche ? Le plan de notre thèse est divisé en deux parties : Dans la première partie, intitulée «l'immigration illégale et l'organisation du système de la sécurité intérieure en France et Qatar», nous avons passé en revue l'historique de l'immigration dans les deux pays afin de délimiter les nuances historiques propres à chacun des deux pays. Cette analyse historique, en effet, nous a aidé à mieux cerner l'état actuel de l’immigration illégale en France et du Qatar. Ensuite, nous avons mené une recherche approfondie pour démontrer la spécifié de l'immigration illégale dans chacun des deux pays. Dans la deuxième partie, intitulée «les impacts de l'immigration illégale sur la sécurité intérieure en France et du Qatar, et la diversité des instruments de lutte contre ce phénomène», nous avons analysé les conséquences engendrées par l'immigration légale et illégale en France et du Qatar. L'intérêt de notre recherche, c'est de montrer que le paramètre sécuritaire est aujourd'hui prioritaire dans toute réflexion ou remède concernant le phénomène de l'immigration clandestine. Ainsi le lien entre immigration clandestine et terrorisme nous semble aujourd'hui pertinent. Les derniers attentats en France, en Belgique et en Tunisie ont montré que Daech embrigade aujourd'hui aussi bien des immigrés clandestins venant de Lybie et de Syrie, des terroristes infiltrés lors des dernières vagues migratoire syrienne en Europe, que des jeunes immigrés en Europe et en situation régulière issus de la seconde génération. Notre propos est de montrer comment les pratiques juridiques et les systèmes de sécurité en France et au Qatar doivent s'adapter à la nouvelle situation géopolitique susmentionnée à l'échelle régionale et internationale. [...] / The subject of the thesis we have been dealing with for two years is "Illegal immigration and internal security in France and Qatar". Our ambition is to make a comparative and critical comparative study of the current state of illegal immigration in two rich countries : France a European country applying European legal and administrative measures of Schengen and Qatar, a country of the Gulf, acting in turn in the framework of legal and administrative agreements signed with its neighbors in the Gulf. Our field of exploration seems promising and interesting because today we will focus on the current aspects and impacts of illegal immigration in both countries. Thus, we state as follows the general question that will enable us to contextualise our research theme and circumscribe our problematic : What legal and irreproachable and defensible but pragmatic and feasible solutions and arrangements for illegal immigration can be considered and put into action now and in the near future ? The plan of our thesis is divided into two parts : ln the first part, entitled "Illegal immigration and the organization of the system of internal security in France and Qatar", we reviewed the history of immigration in both countries to delineate the historical nuances of each country. This historical analysis has, in fact, helped us to better understand the current state of illegal immigration in France and Qatar. Then we conducted a thorough research to demonstrate the specified illegal immigration in each of the two countries. ln the second part, entitled "the impacts of illegal immigration on internal security in France and Qatar, and the diversity of instruments to combat this phenomenon", we analyzed the consequences of legal and illegal immigration in France and Qatar.