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Singapore is a country built entirely by migrants. The topic of migration thus forms a very important part of the history of Singapore, in which much research has been done. However, one aspect of the modern migration history of Singapore has not been wellstudied, and that is illegal immigration. Since centuries ago, people have been smuggled on the very waterways that modern Singapore owes its prosperity to. Today, people are still entering and exiting the country clandestinely using the same waterways. However, as technology develops, the methods by which these people use to enter Singapore clandestinely are constantly changing. Regardless of the change in methods, such clandestine migration often involves great danger and hardship for those who dare to embark on the journey, just as the way it was in the past. This is even more so as Singapore turns from a colony to an independent country, and as the independent government increasingly exercises more control on the type of immigrants it allows into its borders to help take the country to greater heights in terms of prosperity. Immigration policies and laws thus become fine-tuned and people who are deemed ??undesirable?? are filtered out. The strict laws did not, however, deter some people from entering the country in search of a good job and a better life. As Singapore gears itself to receive more legal migrants, it must also be prepared to take measures against illegal immigrants. Illegal immigration is therefore a continuous battle between the authorities and the illegal migrants. Through the use of official and unofficial documents and public resources, some of which are not easily obtainable, this thesis traces the development of illegal immigration from a historical context and explores the life of the illegal migrants in Singapore so as to fill in the gaps on an under-studied topic, as well as the change in mindsets migrants-turned-citizens have towards new migrants, in an attempt to use a historical approach to explain the issue of the social phenomenon of illegal migration to Singapore.

La sécurité intérieure est une exigence indispensable de l’exercice des libertés et des droits. Elle est au centre des préoccupations des gouvernants et des gouvernés. Dès lors, l’immigration clandestine, phénomène à cause multiple, à énormément évolué, tant par son ampleur que par sa nature, nécessitant, dans le respect des droits de l’homme, la mise en place d’une politique ambitieuse. Pour parer aux menaces ou aux manifestations de l’immigration clandestine, les législateurs français et émiriens sont venus reformuler le caractère prioritaire des orientations générales en matière de sécurité intérieure et de justice. Elles tournent autour des réformes constitutionnelles, basées sur une profonde collaboration entre les intervenants en matière de sécurité intérieure, mais aussi d’une envie de leur donner un cadre administratif et juridique modernisé. Dans ce cadre, il faut comprendre la variété des aspects discursives, l'hétérogénéité des agencements concrets (discours des droits de l'Homme…) et l'articulation des rapports de savoir et de pouvoir. Il faut également suivre la transversalité discursive de la figure que prend ce phénomène à travers tous ces tours et détours et les liens de sens qu'elle entretient avec les différentes difficultés structurelles, ainsi qu'avec la figure que prend la souveraineté de l’État lui-même. Il faut comprendre les raisons du passage d'un discours qui se voulait rassurant et condescendant à un discours qui se veut troublant et inquiétant, basé sur la montée des insécurités liées au phénomène de l’immigration clandestine et fragilisant ainsi la sécurité intérieure. / Homeland Security is an essential requirement for the exercise of freedoms and rights. It is central to the concerns of the governors and the governed. Therefore, illegal immigration phenomenon multiple cause, changed dramatically, both in its scale and nature, requiring, in respect for human rights, the establishment of an ambitious policy. To counter threats or demonstrations of illegal immigration, French and Emirati legislators came reformulate the priority of general guidelines for internal security and justice. They revolve around constitutional reforms, based on a deep collaboration between stakeholders in the field of internal security, but also a desire to give them a legal and administrative framework modernized. In this context, one must understand the variety of discursive aspects, the heterogeneity of concrete arrangements (discourse of human rights ...) and the joint reports of knowledge and power. It should also follow the discursive cross the figure that takes this phenomenon through all these twists and turns and the sense that it maintains links with the various structural problems, as well as the figure that takes the state sovereignty itself. We must understand the reasons for the passage of a speech that was meant reassuring and condescending speech that wants troubling and disturbing, based on the rise of the insecurities related to the phenomenon of illegal immigration and thus weakening internal security.

<p>The topic of this thesis is immigration policy in the European Union with focus on the Schengen cooperation and illegal immigration. Immigration policies and other policy areas such as asylum and refugee policies have become hot topics on the EU agenda in recent years. Partly because of cooperations like Schengen, but also because a need of a common immigration and asylum policy has emerged.</p><p>The purpose of the thesis is to give a better understanding of the relations that might be found between illegal immigration to the EU and the Schengen cooperation. Schengen plays an important role in dealing with international migration in the EU and will probably continue to do so in the future.</p><p>The thesis is a comparative case study with Spain and Germany as the two specific cases. Their national immigration policies are examined and put in relation to the Schengen cooperation. The research questions are: What was the basic problem that was supposed to be avoided when incorporating Schengen into the framework of the European Union? How does Spain and Germany deal with the illegal immigration they have been exposed to and what are the similarities and differences between the two countries? How do the Spanish and German actions relate to the Schengen cooperation?</p><p>The result of the study is, when it comes to illegal immigration to the EU there are no functioning systems to handle it. Even though there are cooperations like Schengen, that tries to standardize the management of immigration, illegal immigration included, it seems like the individual countries still prefer to deal with it in their own ways.</p> / <p>Uppsatsen handlar om EU:s immigrationspolitik, med fokus på Schengensamarbetet och illegal immigration. Immigrationspolitiken och andra närliggande politikområden som asylpolitik och flyktingpolitik har blivit heta ämnen på EU:s agenda de senaste åren. Dels på grund av samarbeten som Schengen och dels genom att behovet av en gemensam immigrations- och asylpolitik har uppmärksammats.</p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att ge en bättre förståelse för de samband som finns mellan illegal immigration till EU och Schengensamarbetet. Schengen har och kommer antagligen att få en mycket betydande roll för internationell migration och EU.</p><p>Uppsatsen är en komparativ fallstudie där Spanien och Tyskland är de undersökta fallen och deras nationella immigrationspolitik undersöks och sätts sedan i samband med Schengensamarbetet. De frågor som uppsatsen utgår ifrån är: Vad var det grundläggande problem man ville komma tillrätta med då man bestämde sig för att införa Schengensamarbetet i EU: s ramverk? Hur har Spanien och Tyskland hanterat den illegala immigrationen i respektive länder och vad finns det för likheter och skillnader dem emellan? Hur går Spaniens och Tysklands handlande ihop med Schengenavtalet?</p><p>Resultatet av studien är att när det gäller den illegala immigrationen till EU finns det inget fungerande system att hantera den. Även om det finns samarbeten inom EU såsom Schengen som försöker att standardisera hanterandet av immigration, även illegal immigration, verkar det som att de enskilda länderna fortfarande går sina egna vägar.</p>

Illegal immigration has been a major topic of concern in the last few years in both the United States and the European Union; the policies and practices of border control and the use of detention have often been the center for political debate. Assessing the policies in the United States and the European Union in regards to how 'liberal' each are carried out through practice provides insight to the disparity between policy and practice. The thesis analyzes and compares the discourse used written into the policies, official government guidelines, and reports which focus on the approval and criticism of how the polices are put into practice through the United States and European Union government agencies; whist providing data on recent illegal immigrant trends along the U.S.-Mexican border, as well as the Greek-Turkish border. The results discovered conclude that the European Union writes more 'liberal' discourse into their policy and government guidelines than the United States; the European Union illustrates more concern for fundamental individual rights while carrying out practice along the borders; but is falling short in ensuring that Member States (such as Greece) carry out other policy areas up to European Union standards, in this case the use of detention. The implications of the thesis offer...

The dominant ideology within the illegal immigration discourse in the US primarily faults illegal workers for the problem by highlighting the act of illegally entering the US as the origin of the problem. As the dominant ideology goes, illegal immigrants evade law enforcement at the border; they deceive employers to secure work. They disrupt labor markets by lowering wages which displaces lower class US workers. The illegal immigrants and their families abuse social services that they do not pay into at the US taxpayers expense. They form ethnic enclaves, and those who remain in the US resist assimilation into US culture. So the story goes. This thesis challenges this dominant ideology, a subset of the illegal immigration discourse, by documenting decades of immigration law in the US created to serve US employers' demand for labor, and alternately, closing the immigrant worker pipeline when it suited the government's political objectives or the special interests of employers. Loopholes in the immigration laws have tended to insulate employers from prosecution. Meanwhile, undocumented workers have faced lower wages and increased risk. This thesis examines what constitutes the dominant ideology of the illegal immigration discourse. It also includes a discourse analysis of illegal immigration by reviewing national, regional, and local media coverage of the simultaneous raids in December 2006 of six Midwest meat processing plants operated by Swift & Company. The discourse analysis explores media coverage of the raids conducted by the Department of Homeland Security's Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). The raids led to the arrest of 1,282 suspected illegal immigrants, and the analysis will attempt to understand to what extent media coverage supports or challenges the dominant ideology of the illegal immigration discourse. / Master of Arts

During recent years, America’s attitude toward immigrants has become increasingly excluding. Previous research shows that it is common for illegal immigration and crime to be related to one another, although research shows that there is no relationship between them. The president of the United States, Donald Trump, is known for dividing the American people from the illegal immigrants. Therefore, this study analyses how Trump portraits the American people and the illegal immigrants. Further, the study analyses how he divides these groups from each other. The study is based on a qualitative content analysis where six speeches made by Trump is analysed. The results of the study show that Trump positively portrays the American people by saying they possess unique values. Unlike this, he portrays the illegal immigrants as people that commit crimes such as murder and sexual crimes. Trump also portraits the two groups by dividing them from each other. He does this by giving a positive picture of the American people at the same time as he gives a negative picture of the illegal immigrants. Further, he divides the groups by creating a feeling of unity between the American people through talking about shared culture, values, and an unique history. / Under de senaste åren har USA:s inställning blivit alltmer exkluderande gentemot immigranter. Tidigare forskning visar att det är vanligt att illegal immigration och brottslighet ställs i relation till varandra trots att forskning visar att det inte finns ett samband däremellan. Amerikas president Donald Trump omtalad för att skapa en uppdelning mellan det amerikanska folket och de illegala immigranterna. I relation till detta analyserar denna studie hur Trump framställer det amerikanska folket och de illegala immigranterna samt hur han separerar grupperna från varandra. Studien är baserad på en kvalitativ innehållsanalys där sex av Trumps tal analyseras. Studiens resultat har visat på att Trump ofta framställer det amerikanska folket på ett positivt sätt genom att säga att deras värderingar är unika. Till skillnad från detta framställs ofta de illegala immigranterna som mördare och sexualförbrytare. Han framställer grupperna även genom att separera dem från varandra genom att ge en positiv bild av det amerikanska folket samtidigt som han ger en negativ bild av de illegala immigranterna. Vidare separerar han grupperna genom att framkalla känslor av gemenskap hos det amerikanska folket genom att tala om att de delar en gemensam kultur, värderingar och historia som är unik.

In 1949, Taiwan and Mainland China were segregated from each other and governed separately. Because of closed society and blocked information at that time, even though the two were very close to each other, there was no such trans-border crime ever happens. Following China¡¦s reforms and opening up of its policies in 1978, the number of displaced workers and jobless populace increased due to a series of reforms on economical systems and nation-operated business. The transformation of economic system had caused a big impact to politics and society of Mainland China, which successfully changed the control mechanism of the government on its society, causing social changes and restructuring. The gap between rich and poverty, urban and rural, was getting bigger. Day by day, jobless issue was getting more critical. Thus, trans-border crimes arose. Taiwan declared the ending of Martial Law on July 15, 1987. And in November of that same year, Taiwan opened up the visitations to Mainland China, Taiwanese investments in Mainland China, Cross-straits educations, interactions of barter trading, agriculture and technological personnel, making the interflow between Taiwan and Mainland China closer than ever. In virtue of similar consanguinity, culture, languages and customs, many people of Mainland China are yearned towards the wealthy and comfortable living in Taiwan. As the enactments of Taiwan and Mainland China are not well-integrated and that the politics of both are opposing to each other, common framework and control against crimes are hard to establish. With the continuous crackdown actions on crimes of Taiwan in 1984, mafias and gangsters took advantage of the non-extendable jurisdiction and absconded to Mainland China. They collaborated with the local illicit dealers and continued to engage with illegal affairs as to seek for extravagant profits. Trans-border crimes for the main purpose of economic benefits then came into existence. Most types of trans-border crimes between Taiwan and Mainland China are: illegal immigration, drug smuggling, firearm smuggling, prostitution out of fraud marriages, illegal working, absconding and hiding of criminals, the kidnapping in Taiwan and paying ransom in Mainland China, swindling over the cell phones. These crimes have become new issues which influence the public securities between the cross-straits. Due to the opposing condition of the cross-straits politics, discussion and controls about the affairs remain standstill up to now. There is no proper control strategy and systemized solution can be followed to resolve the criminal issues caused by the interflow between the cross-straits. Now that the government is opening the tourists from Mainland China to Taiwan, to prevent them from engaging in crimes after ¡§jumping out of the plane¡¨ and leaving tourist team, the governments of both borders must temporarily put aside their supremacy and dispute over unification issue. Instead, they must thoroughly think over the matter, discuss and develop specific practicable schemes against trans-border crimes. The main purpose of this research is to analyze the causes, purposes, types, methodology and severity of trans-border crimes of the cross-straits. The possible mode of cooperation on public security between the two borders is proposed. In order to maintain the public order and economic progress of the cross-straits, and to protect the lives and wealth safety of the people, both borders should confer with each other and enter agreement of cooperation on criminal jurisdictions.

Human trafficking isn¡¦t single type of criminal models, but a global phenomenon except drugs and firearms smuggling, and become the third severe transnational crime. Therefore, ¡§UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children¡¨ is approved in the UN. But the government began to prevent continuous descending evaluation by legislation and law enforcing until being evaluated the second grade in ¡§The 2005 US Trafficking In Persons¡¨. As it¡¦s proclaimed in Article 8 of Constitution of the Republic of China that ¡§Personal freedom shall be guaranteed to the people¡K¡¨, in Article 10 ¡¨The people shall have freedom of residence and of change of residence.¡¨ and in Article 15 ¡§The right to live, the right to work, and the right to own property shall be guaranteed to the people. the government shall stipulate associated laws to protect people¡¦s freedom to exercise the said right. Consequently, it¡¦s essential to make a research on how to formulate the legal system of the police preventing human trafficking that will ¡§prevention¡¨, ¡§prosecution¡¨, and ¡§protection¡¨. The legal system of preventing human trafficking is examined herein by the basic methods of administrative law, namely, the five major frameworks, including administrative principles, administrative organization, limitation of administrative power, administrative relief, and administrative supervision from every respect and viewpoint. Meanwhile, bibliography exploration, historical narration, comparative analysis, and generalization analysis are adopted as the principal research approaches to explore whether there¡¦s any improvement required regarding the legal system of the police preventing human trafficking on the basis of five major frameworks of administrative law. Additionally, practical implementation and suggestions for regulations and actions concerning future preventing human trafficking are hereby provided to achieve the goal of preventing human trafficking and protecting the victim¡¦s right as well.

Undocumented migrants are a part of our daily lives, yet we rarely hear their stories or know who they really are; the word "undocumented" can have a negative connotation both within and outside the Latinx community and is often associated with criminals and various other negative stereotypes. This study aims to understand how identity is affected by documentation status and how that affects the undocumented and documented Latinx community, the experiences of Latinx people of different documentation status with connections to illegal immigration, and how they navigate through those experiences in the United States of America knowing that they are putting themselves at risk. There is not enough representation of undocumented Latinx people and their role in society; it is important to understand the undocumented Latinx community and give them a voice because undocumented people are one of the U.S.' backbones in cultural and socio-economic terms. This investigation will provide more insight into their experiences and the identity struggle within the Latinx context through a series of interviews and an in-depth literature review of other publications sharing undocumented Latinx individuals' oral histories. It aims to shine a positive light on the community and contribute to future research on similar topics.