This thesis is an investigation into teachers' status in Kuwait, what it is and the reasons for it. The question was posed and systematically investigated as to the standing of teachers, an issue of great significance for Kuwait and its education system. The thesis also explores the connections between teacher status and teacher education and the possibility of using improvements in teacher education to raise the status of teachers. The study is heavily based on empirical work, specifically: three substantial surveys and a case study that includes a fourth smaller survey. The collection of data is predominantly, though not exclusively, quantitative. A short questionnaire on teachers' status was administered to, 5200 citizens, 0.65% of the popUlation, using a network or 'snowball' technique. A longer questionnaire was administered to 320 final-year students in a cross-section of Kuwaiti secondary schools. A third questionnaire was administered to 1200 teachers (4% of the teacher population). The response rates for all three surveys exceeded 95%. The hypothetically significant variables considered in these surveys variously included gender, socio-cultural group, age, family status, academic ability, professional experience, subject specialism and nationality. In addition, an extended case study was carried out in the College of Basic Education, the training institution for primary teachers in Kuwait. The findings of these surveys and of the case-study are compared with each other and, to a lesser extent, with previous research that has been conducted in regard to teacher status in other educational systems. At an early stage of the analysis, some findings were presented to two members of the 'educational elite' in Kuwait for their interpretation and comment. The following are some examples of the findings of the study. Kuwaiti society sees the relative status of teachers as middle-order. The public have higher views of teachers than either teachers or trainee teachers have of themselves. The standing of the College of Basic Education is perceived as low by all sectors, including trainees at the college. Up to 28% of school-Ieavers were conSidering teaching as a career option, but almost none of these are academically able students. Kuwaitis choose teaching very much more for pragmatic than for 'vocational' reasons. Sociocultural group is the variable with the widest influence on the matters investigated. Gender is less significant than expected in some areas.

In this thesis I have attempted to analyse the effectiveness of the legislative and policy framework in relation to the museums operated by local authorities in England. In particular, I have focused on whether this framework is suitable or sustainable for the long term provision of such museums. Particular regard is given to acquisition and disposal of property from these museums, including the areas of object mobility and repatriation of artefacts. Chapter one sets out the working assumptions that this thesis rests upon. The second chapter appraises the modern context within which local authority museums operate. Chapter three assesses the historical development of museums and how this has affected the legal framework. In the fourth chapter, the focus is upon the problems of permanent acquisition of artefacts. Chapter five re-examines the controversial area of disposal of objects from museums and the repatriation of spoliated artefacts and human remains. The sixth chapter reviews how developments in art mobility have benefited local authority museums. The final chapter draws together the findings and assesses whether council museums are variable in the future under the current legislative and policy framework. The thesis concludes that while improvements could be made to the legislation, it is unlikely to happen. It would be more effective to make such changes through the policy issued by the Arts Council and the Museums Association. Such changes also could bridge the divergence between law, policy and practice. A variety of primary and secondary sources were used throughout this thesis. Due to the fact that this is a specialized and globalized area many of the sources can be found on the internet and in international journals. However, the core of this dissertation rests upon statutes, case law, government commissioned reports, local authority committee reports, national and local policy documents, and books.

Public policy is considered one of the landmarks of private international law. It has been a rich source of attraction to many scholars across the globe. While it is generally considered an expression of the prevailing major value-system norms and fundamental notions of justice in the forum, its variability has made it extremely difficult for all those who attempt to research the concept to ascribe a workable all-embracing definition and criterion for this dark tunnel of private international law. Similarly, globalisation as one of the most powerful forces shaping our modem world represents a perplexing complex notion that has intensified economic, political, legal, social, and cultural cross-border relations. Thus, it has impacted on and transformed traditional legal and cultural institutions. It is exactly in this context that the present thesis aims to analyse the concept of public policy in English, French and Egyptian legal systems, evaluate the phenomenon of globalisation and assess its impact, especially with respect to trends of cultural interaction on the evolutionary path of public policy, and provide a specific examination of the applications of public policy in relation to globalisation in family law and international commercial arbitration. The importance of this study not only stems from the analytical and comparative approaches utilised, the diversity of issues covered and their theoretical and practical aspects, but also from the fact that it represents the first study on the relation between public policy in conflict of laws and globalisation and amongst the relatively few that address the interrelation between globalisation and law.

There is general agreement amongst legal scholars and authorities that the law should be obeyed and should apply equally to all those subject to it without favour or discrimination. However, it is possible to see that in any legal system there will be situations when strict application of the law will produce undesirable results, such as injustice or other consequences not intended by the law as framed. In such circumstances the law may be changed but there may be broad policy reasons not to do so. The allied concepts of dispensation and economy grew up in the western and eastern traditions of the Christian church as mechanisms whereby an individual or a class could, by authority, be excused from obligations under a particular law in particular circumstances. These and similar methods, operating within a general assumption of obedience to the law, allow the strictness of the law to be tempered and obligations remitted with impunity. Besides the specific canonical concepts of dispensation and economy, discretion, custom, desuetude and deliberate inaction by enforcers can all function in the same way. Thus, whilst certainty and equality before the law are rarely if ever held not to be good, those in authority frequently have recourse to action akin to dispensation or economy for the prudent and just management of church and society. This thesis argues that dispensing power and authority exist within the Church of England as well as in other fields of contemporary law. The thesis is developed by examining the history of the concepts of dispensation and economy and by a series of case studies showing the development of these and other allied concepts.

From observational approaches to housing in Kuwait, it has been found that the people there are experiencing a housing crisis, specifically in interior architecture, as they are building and living in houses that do not fulfil their needs. This is evidenced by the fact that in a single year, almost every house owner in both private and governmental houses in Kuwait city has done two or three alterations, either adding a room or bathroom, enlarging a living room, or adding walls for privacy. For the above reasons, the aim of this study is to build a body of knowledge based on several theories, in order to enrich and improve the current Kuwaiti housing legislation with emphasis on interior architecture. By having access to authorized information, in theory Kuwaitis could improve their homes. This study therefore investigates theories such as Maslow's Motivation Theory that highlights the hierarchy of human needs, Adaptation theory to explore the cultural, social, and environmental adaptation processes humans experience within their houses, Space Syntax to provide a systematic approach to segregation and space integration within the house, and sustainability to provide guidelines for building houses that maintain the people's cultural values and house design traditions in a way that enriches their lives and well -being. In addition, this study focuses on planning and building legislation and the impact of neighbouring on the house design that in turn affects people's daily lives. This study begins by giving the reader a brief history of Kuwait and its urban development, along with the influence that the discovery of oil had on people's houses and their house design. This is followed by two parts: the first is the deductive part, which explores the theories outlined above, while the second is the inductive part and describes the author's empirical work in which extended interviews with open -ended questions were used to acquire data regarding people's feelings, problems and needs within their houses. The findings and conclusions from that work are presented together with recommendations for future housing design. The research findings and the deductive part of this study are then considered together to produce a framework which legislators and designers in Kuwait Municipality and the PAHC (Public Authority for Housing Care) could use to improve the current Kuwaiti housing legislation comprehensively, with emphasis on the interior architecture. In the conclusion a review of the main findings of the thesis is presented, together with a set of fundamental recommendations derived from the synthesis of the deductive and inductive parts of this research. The thesis concludes with a final message about the importance of interior architecture in the quality of people's lives.

This summary explores a large body of published work that has sought to develop both teaching and research in what has been termed film and the law or perhaps more accurately ‘cinematic justice’. The first section outlines the diversity of methodological approaches that have been used in the area generally but also within the submitted pieces that form the main body of the work. The second part outlines the problems in identifying the core material that now forms the basis of the subject. It charts the attempts to expand the base beyond courtroom drama and explores the engagement with areas of film theory. A thread that runs through the published work from start to finish has been identifying what a legal film is or might be. At the start this was not explicitly recognized as a question of genre, there was no established framework to apply. A large part of the scholarship has involved analyzing films and searching out common elements and ideas in order to invigorate the process. The third section addresses the synthesis of teaching and research that has always been a central feature of the enterprise. Developing a new ‘pedagogy’ for legal teaching seemed important - then became outdated - but now, it is argued, has the potential for a rebirth. This section makes the case for new thinking about using television material to explore the ideology within legal portrayals. The summary also reflects the author’s highly significant role in the contribution to the development of the area more generally.

This project considers whether it is possible to define some works of literary or visual art as high art solely by virtue of their inherent qualities, or whether there are factors external to the work which are significant to this process of categorisation. Thereafter the project considers whether it is appropriate to argue that high art as a discrete category should be accorded a value of its own to be defended by the legal system alongside or in preference to other values (particularly freedom of speech), focusing initially upon non-legal arguments which have been put forward in this regard. Thereafter, the project critically analyses the way in which the English legal system has dealt with such issues during the period 1780 to date firstly by analysing the approach of the legislature towards the notion of high art and its protection and secondly, by analysing the approach of the courts in this area. Both the courts' role in enforcing statute law and administering the common law are assessed and the extent to which the courts have acknowledged the free speech principle in relation to artistic and non-artistic matter is given particular consideration. Finally, the project considers those international obligations which influence English law in this area, with particular reference to the European Convention on Human Rights and to the recent inclusion of Article 10, the right to freedom of expression, in the Human Rights Act 1998. The extent to which high art might be afforded greater protection under this new Act is considered, and conclusions are drawn as to whether greater protection should be sought for high art under English law and if so, upon what basis.

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No description available.

Food insecurity is an important global problem severely affecting developing countries, particularly those in Asia and Africa. Agricultural research in developing countries is characterised by the following tension: the private sector has plenty of applied research skills and experience but these are primarily used for commercial gain; the public sector has excellent research but the research is often not applied. Agricultural public private partnerships are currently acclaimed as a means of redressing this tension through optimising the complementary synergies between the two sectors in order to address food security. Private sector involvement in agriculture, including public private partnerships (PPPs) has increased in the past two decades as has the use of intellectual property rights (IPRs) in agriculture research. The two sectors have differing and sometimes conflicting perspectives on IP as a concept and in the strategies used to manage intellectual property. IPRs have the potential to enhance or hinder the achievement of a partnership’s objectives. This thesis investigates whether, to what extent and in what ways IP is relevant to food security oriented PPPs. It uses two case studies in India and Kenya involving two centres in the Consultative Group on International Agriculture Research (CGIAR) to locate the role that IP plays in the formation and execution of food security oriented PPPs in the context of development. It argues for a bespoke analysis of PPPs as the preferred means through which the impact and effect of factors such as IPRs can be meaningfully examined. It finds that the relevance of IP to food security oriented PPPs in developing countries is determined by two factors: the nature of the technology used in the partnership and the stage of the partnership.