This thesis is concerned with the legal theory behind environmental rights. There are a number of different approaches that deploy rights as a mechanism to bring about environmental protection within international law, all of which can be termed ‘environmental rights’. These include a human right to a healthy environment and procedural environmental rights. But there are also theories that support a more innovative or extensive use of legal rights for protecting the natural world. Notably, many of these theories concern the introduction of nonhuman rights (animal rights or rights of nature). This thesis investigates the theory behind and the practical structure of these various approaches, as well as analysing the very concept of ‘rights’. The original contribution to knowledge is threefold. I present a case for a human right to a healthy environment to be defined broadly: measured according to human and ecosystem health, and conceived as a right of both individuals and peoples; I rigorously apply both Interest Theory and Hohfeld’s analysis of rights to human rights and thus construct a clear model for the structure of the sort of rights found in human rights (termed ‘vital rights’); and I extend the philosophical theory behind human rights (and in particular the concept of dignity) towards the growing field of rights of nature. Considered holistically, the thesis presents and suggests modes of thinking that seek to soften the divide between humanity and nature. This is done through a consideration of lived experience as always already ecologically embedded. As a result, the subject of vital rights (human rights included) should be understood as ecologically embedded living beings, opening the door to both nonhuman rights and new fields for human rights.

This study examines the criminal liability that may be incurred by participants in contact sports for violence that results in injury to a fellow participant. For these purposes, I concentrate on boxing, rugby and soccer; sports that involve a level of physicality that risks, and regularly causes, injury. The violence that is intrinsic to their practice is in some senses archetypically criminal, and yet, that self-same violence is also constitutive of sports that are perceived to have enormous personal, social and cultural value, and which have been declared by the House of Lords to amount to ‘lawful activities’. A formal account of the criminal law of sports violence posits the consent of the participants as the primary determinant of the imposition of liability for acts of violence committed during the course of contact sports. In this thesis, I examine this formal account and propose that the substance of the lawfulness of sports violence needs to be understood in terms of its socio-historical development, and the sophisticated rule-systems and pluralistic regulatory backdrop against which modern sports operate. This thesis contributes a new understanding of the offences that pertain to sports violence, and the normative role and doctrinal function of the participants’ consent, in order to understand the way in which the criminal law accommodates violent sports practices. The thesis also suggests new ideas in relation to the ‘playing culture’ of sport and its relationship to the criminal law, and the role of prosecutorial discretion in effectively shaping the lawfulness of ‘legitimate sport’.

No description available.

Fischer 344 (F344) rats may be useful for studying impairments in social interactions because they exhibit reduced play behavior compared to Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The purpose of this investigation was to explore F344 rats as a model of early social interaction deficits and to determine if oxytocin (OT) activity mediated attachment behavior. To this end, we conducted three experiments measuring the preference of a dam-paired odor in postnatal day (PD) 12 F344 and SD rats. In Experiment 1, PD 11 pups were conditioned with a dam- or neutral-paired odor and tested for odor preference on PD 12. Experiments 2 and 3 used the same protocol as Experiment 1, except in Experiments 2 and 3, pups received an injection of OT (0, 250, 500, or 1000 ng, IC) or OT antagonist (OTA) (0.1, 0.3, or 1 mg/kg, IP) prior to the start of conditioning. Preference for the dam-paired odor did not differ between rat strains, however both male and female F344 pups showed a greater preference for the maternal odor when treated with OT. Male rats showed this enhanced preference at 500 ng OT while females required 1000 ng OT. OT did not alter odor preference in SD pups and OTA did not alter either rat strain’s preference. In conclusion, F344 rat pups do not have attachment deficits but may be useful for testing compounds to treat attachment disorders. It is possible that maternal attachment differs from other social behaviors, such as play behavior. Exogenous OT administration enhanced attachment but only in F344 rats. These data suggest further research on OT in F344 rats is warranted. In addition, it has been suggested that, since ASD affects more boys than girls, the problem may lie with AVP rather than OT. Therefore, other mechanisms may be involved in the development of social behaviors and perhaps the development of maternal attachment. Further testing of other neurochemicals such as dopamine and AVP as well as examining other stages of development (i.e., adolescence and adulthood) may be useful in identifying new therapeutics for ASD.

E. Folke Bolinder. / 3668370 Archives / "June 14, 1958." / Bibliography: p. 25-27. / Army Signal Corps Contract DA36-039-sc-64637. Dept. of the Army Task 3-99-06-108 Project 3-99-00-100.

This thesis aims to highlight the dilemmas within education provision for disabled pupils. This is the product of competing frameworks, coming from different historical and philosophical contexts. The Warnock Report (1978) only managed a partial transition within education for disabled pupils from segregation to inclusion. This midway stage of integration continued the bureaucratic and professional dominance over access to additional support and continued to segregate the most affected pupils despite using humanitarian and equality rhetoric to defend its position. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s this tension led to wide variation in policy interpretation throughout the UK, yet the SEN policy framework went largely unchallenged until the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA, 1995) launched the Special Educational Needs and Disability Act, also known as Part 4 in 2001 (DDA, 2001). The DDA attempted to impose a rights-based model of equality on education. The survey data and qualitative in-depth interviews generated by this thesis show that the existing tension fuelled a resistance that has challenged a thorough engagement with the DDA. Further the surveys sent to schools and local authorities suggest that insufficient time was afforded the DDA Part 4 to impact on Scottish schools before new legislation was introduced and ratified in Scottish law (Additional Support for Learning Act, 2004). In-depth interviews exploring the system of complaint under the DDA Part 4 revealed a further tension between impairment effects and social expectations of discipline in schools related specifically to a diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, or allied conditions. In following the ethos of the social model, this thesis concludes that the DDA Part 4 failed to account for the differentiation of experience within the disabled community, and so offered little support for those most challenged by the pedagogical structures in schools. Based on the findings of this thesis, the DDA Part 4 has had little impact on Scottish schools, due in part to the tension within the competing SEN framework and timing of other policies. In addition inherent flaws within the terms of the DDA Part 4, including the omission of auxiliary aids and services from the remit of discrimination, contributed to its failure to impact on Scottish schools.

Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, une volonté s’exprime de construire la paix sur une mise en commun des intérêts économiques. La paix entre les nations a donc pour conséquence une internationalisation des échanges économiques. Nous sommes alors passés d’une volonté politique à une réalité économique. Les entreprises se sont développées en même temps qu’elles ont dû faire face à une nouvelle concurrence. Les travailleurs salariés sont devenus des maillons indispensables, mais aussi, quelque part, des pions, sur ce nouvel échiquier économique. Les entreprises sont donc, de plus en plus, à la recherche de souplesse dans la gestion de leurs effectifs. Face à la prétendue rigidité du contrat de travail, l’on assiste, notamment, à une montée en puissance de l’accord collectif, dans le but de flexibiliser la relation de travail ; la mobilité s’entend, alors, de plus en plus, comme une mobilité sur le marché du travail, et non plus seulement dans l’entreprise. Ainsi, naît un besoin indispensable de sécuriser la mobilité de ces salariés, notamment à travers le contrôle des trajectoires professionnelles, en créant, notamment, un véritable droit de la formation professionnelle. / After the Second World War, a desire to build peace based on common economic interests is formulated. Consequently, this shared wish of peace influences economic exchanges by making them international. We reach now a new step: passing from a political willpower to an economic reality. The companies had to manage their own development facing new competitors at the same time. Workers became essential links, but also, paws on this new economic chess game. Hence, the companies look progressively for more flexibility to manage their human resources. In response to the alleged rigidity of the employment contract, the society is witnessing an important and increasing spread of collective agreement, providing flexibility in the relationship between employer and employee at work. In this way, the mobility is more and more thought as mobility of labor market, and not just as a mobility within individual establishments. Thus, ensuring the safety of employee’s mobility becomes an essential need, particularly through the control of career paths, creating a genuine right of vocational training.

This thesis compares the availability and use of information about cannabis by members of two distinguished legislatures. It reviews the historical, social, legal, and moral contexts of cannabis use in Britain and the United states. It compares contemporary legislative politics in the two countries, with special reference to the relationship between the legislature and the executive, the roles ot Members of Parliament (MPs) and Members or Congress (MCs) in their respective houses and societies, and the usual sources and channels of information available to Members. It compares and contrasts the preparation and passage of the U.S. "Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970" and the U.K. "Misuse of Drugs Act 1971", giving particular attention to the way that Members became informed about cannabis, and how they were able (or unable) to use their information in the creation of the two laws. Particular emphasis is given to differences be tween the two systems. These differences are especially striking when the passage of legislation is viewed from the point of view of the participant. From the comparisons and contrasts made in this study several conclusions have emerged, chief among them that: 1) MC's had significantly more power in determining the policies and details of legislation than did MPs; 2) Source and uses of information were significantly greater in Washington than in Westminster; 3) The most important stage in both houses for Members to influence legislation was the committee stage; 4) Information was a valuable resource for MCs, but, at least in this instance, was of little uses to MPs; 5) Simply increasing sources of information will not improve the quality of legislation unless more opportunities for Members to use that information are also provided; 6) With regard to the problems now facing both countries, the availability and use of information by legislators is likely to play a critical part in future social-policy formation, and correspondingly; 7) A lack of opportunities for Members to obtain and use information is likely to impair not only the legislative process, but the future of the two societies as well.

nÃo hà / A deficiÃncia de ferro à o distÃrbio nutricional mais prevalente no mundo. No Brasil, a deficiÃncia de ferro tem sido reconhecida como importante causa de anemia hà mais de duas dÃcadas. A anemia ferropriva configura um problema epidemiolÃgico da maior relevÃncia influindo nos gastos pÃblicos de saÃde. Dentre os fatores que contribuem para essa causa està a baixa ingestÃo de ferro que à favorecida por condiÃÃes precÃrias de vida. A fortificaÃÃo com ferro nos alimentos amplamente consumidos pela populaÃÃo vem sendo utilizada como estratÃgia para melhorar a situaÃÃo nutricional nas populaÃÃes de diversos paÃses. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os teores de ferro dos produtos obtidos com farinhas de trigo e milho comercializados no Estado do Cearà por meio do Programa de AvaliaÃÃo do Teor Nutricional do MinistÃrio da SaÃde (PATEN) em um estudo do tipo retrospectivo quantitativo de avaliaÃÃo dos teores de ferro em anÃlises realizadas no LaboratÃrio Central de SaÃde PÃblica do Estado do Cearà (LACEN). A partir de entÃo, buscou-se verificar o atendimento dos produtos comercializados no Estado do Cearà à ResoluÃÃo da Diretoria Colegiada n 344/2002/ANVISA, que torna obrigatÃria a fortificaÃÃo de farinhas de trigo e milho com ferro e Ãcido fÃlico, assim como, comparar dados relativos à prevalÃncia de anemia ferropriva das duas Ãltimas dÃcadas no Brasil. Concluiu-se que aproximadamente 58% das amostras analisadas, nos Ãltimos trÃs anos, foram consideradas insatisfatÃrias em relaÃÃo ao atendimento da RDC n 344/2002/ANVISA, ou seja, possuem teor de ferro menor que 4,2 mg por cada 100 g de farinha. Por sua vez, a prevalÃncia de anemia ferropriva no Brasil nÃo se alterou significativamente ao longo de duas dÃcadas, mesmo com a obrigatoriedade da fortificaÃÃo das farinhas com ferro. / Iron deficiency is the most prevalent nutritional disorder in the world. In Brazil, iron deficiency has been recognized as an important cause of anemia for more than two decades. Iron deficiency anemia sets up an epidemiological problem of great importance that has influenced the health public spending. Among the factors that contribute to this cause is the low intake of iron, influenced by poor living conditions. The iron has been used in foods widely consumed by the population as a strategy to improve the nutritional status of populations in several countries. This study was carried out to evaluate the iron content of wheat and corn flour products available in the State of Cearà through the Nutritional Content Assessment Program of Health Ministry (PATEN) in a quantitative and retrospective kind of study of iron content assessment through analysis realized by the Central Public Laboratory of Ceara State (LACEN). Thus, attempting to verify the compliance of the products sold in the state of Ceara to The Board Resolution Collegiate, RDC N 344/2002/ANVISA, which obligates the fortification of wheat and maize flour with iron and folic acid, as well as to compare the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in the the last two decades in Brazil. It was concluded that approximately 58% of the samples analyzed in the last three years were considered unsatisfactory in relation to RDC No. 344/2002/ANVISA, ie having iron content of less than 4.2 mg per 100 g of flour. In turn, the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in Brazil has not changed significantly over the last two decades, even with the mandatory fortification of flour with iron.

Die Broschüre gibt einen Überblick über die wichtigsten Fragen im Zusammenhang mit Aushilfs- und Ferienjobs. Aktualisierungen zum Rechtsstand 1. Mai 2020 sind im Text farbig hervorgehoben