Le sujet de recherches a pour objectif d’étudier la mise en œuvre de la théorie des troubles anormaux de voisinage, dans le cadre des opérations immobilières. Ces dernières recouvrent l’opération de construction immobilière, de vente immobilière et de location immobilière. Elles peuvent être classées en deux catégories, dans la mesure où elles engendrent directement ou indirectement des troubles anormaux de voisinage. Toutes ces opérations immobilières sont à l’origine de nombreuses nuisances qui impactent les biens et les personnes. Ces opérations tendent alors vers une dénaturation de la théorie des troubles anormaux de voisinage. Les troubles anormaux de voisinage, découlant des opérations immobilières, se propagent dans l’espace. Le champ d’application de la théorie est alors élargi par la prise en compte d’une zone troublée. Concernant l’unique condition posée par la théorie des troubles anormaux de voisinage, l’anormalité du trouble, celle-ci semble bien respectée lorsqu’il s’agit de l’appliquer aux troubles émanant des opérations immobilières. Cependant, la particularité de ces opérations est qu'elles font intervenir plusieurs personnes, ce qui pose des difficultés quant à la question de savoir qui sera responsable sur le terrain de la théorie relative aux troubles anormaux de voisinage. Actuellement, les juges condamnent l’auteur direct des troubles anormaux de voisinage, à qui les troubles sont imputables. Dès lors, les juges ne s’attachent pas uniquement à la qualité de voisin pour appliquer la théorie des troubles anormaux de voisinage. Au regard des exemples quant à la nature des troubles et des auteurs de ceux-ci, les opérations immobilières ont donc entraîné une dénaturation de la théorie des troubles anormaux de voisinage. La recherche d'un fondement juridique est alors importante pour résoudre ce problème. Des propositions ont été faites pour introduire un nouvel article au sein du Code civil relatif à la théorie des troubles anormaux de voisinage. Or, la spécificité des opérations immobilières met en évidence l’importance des clauses contractuelles pour les troubles anormaux de voisinage. De plus, la prévention des troubles anormaux de voisinage devraient davantage être mise en exergue. Ces éléments initient une réflexion autour de la portée de la théorie des troubles anormaux de voisinage. Celle-ci devrait prendre en compte la donnée environnementale ce qui justifierait l’importance de la prévention et permettrait de légitimer la condamnation de tous les intervenants aux opérations immobilières. Cette nouvelle étude aboutit à créer un nouveau droit du voisinage qui regroupe toutes les règles juridiques relatives à la relation de voisinage en les adaptant à la donnée environnementale. / The research topic is aimed to study the implementation of the theory of abnormal neighborhood disturbances, in the context of real estate operations. They include the real estate construction, the real estate sale and the real estate rental. They may be classified in two categories, to the extent that they create directly or indirectly abnormal neighborhood disturbances. All these operations are the cause of many disturbances affecting assets and people. They tend towards a denaturation of the theory of abnormal neighborhood disturbances. The abnormal neighborhood disturbances, resulting from the real estate operations, are propagated in the surrounding space. The scope of the theory is then expanded by taking into account a troubled area. Concerning the only condition laid down by the theory of abnormal neighborhood disturbances, the abnormality of the disturbance, she seems respected well when it comes to apply in to the troubles arising from real estate operations. However, the particularity of these operations is that they involve several people, wich creates difficulties as for the question to know which will be responsible on the ground of the theory relative to abnormal neighborhood disturbances. At present, the judges condemn the direct author of abnormal neighborhood disturbances, to whom the disturbances are attributable. Consequently, judges do not focus only on the quality of neighbor to apply the theory of abnormal neighborhood disturbances. Through the examples as for the nature of the disturbances and the authors of these, real estate operations have therefore led to a distortion of the theory of abnormal neighborhood disturbances. The research for a legal foundation is then important for solving this problem. Proposals were made to introduce a new article within the civil code concerning the theory of abnormal neighborhood disturbances. However, the specificity of real estate operations highlights the importance of the contractual clauses for the abnormal neighborhood disturbances. Furthermore, the prevention of abnormal neighborhood disturbances should more be highlighted. These elements introduce a reflection around the scope of the theory of abnormal neighborhood disturbances. This one should take into account the environmental problem what would justify the importance of the prevention and would allow to legitimize the condemnation of all the participants to real estate operations. This new study succeeds to create a new right of the neighborhood which include all the legal rules concerning the relation of neighborhood by adapting them to the environmental problem.

The central hypothesis of this thesis is that the universal fundamental right to adequate housing must be equally enforced by all states irrespective of its non-entrenchment as a constitutional, legislative and/or policy entitlement. Despite being a minority, poor Canadians still face the same sordid living conditions that the majority are experiencing in South Africa and India. If a developed country such as Canada, despite its available resources and housing policies, and, similar to South Africa and India as third world countries, fails to improve the poor’s standard of living, the right to adequate housing will remain a distant dream for many. Any housing implementation strategy must be able to reduce housing backlogs, eradicate homelessness and slums and in general improve the poor’s standard of living. The thesis considers the diverse implementation strategies of the right to adequate housing as adopted by South Africa, Canada and India and reveals how each country has experienced systemic challenges. Against the background of international and regional human rights obligations, key issues are investigated to determine how to properly implement, enforce and monitor the right, include the role of a constitutionally entrenched right, the adoption of a housing legislative and/or policy measures, the role of the judiciary, (in)action on the part of government and the part played by national human rights commissions. While each of these three countries approaches the issue in their own unique way, and each country makes its own contribution, what is required is a coordinated and multi-faceted housing implementation system. Although the point of departure was to determine what South Africa could learn from Canada and India, the conclusion is that both Canada and India can draw inspiration from South Africa. Nevertheless, the main conclusions are that South Africa must urgently conduct a comprehensive review of its regressive 20 year housing implementation strategy and India’s 61 years five year plans. The Canadian judiciary should be looking at ways to enforce the right within the Canadian Charter as well as its domestic legislation to include ‘social condition’ as a discrimination ground. While both Canada and India must review their housing policies their judiciaries should be evaluating the history of homelessness and the reasonableness of their adopted housing policies. / Private Law / LLD

The central hypothesis of this thesis is that the universal fundamental right to adequate housing must be equally enforced by all states irrespective of its non-entrenchment as a constitutional, legislative and/or policy entitlement. Despite being a minority, poor Canadians still face the same sordid living conditions that the majority are experiencing in South Africa and India. If a developed country such as Canada, despite its available resources and housing policies, and, similar to South Africa and India as third world countries, fails to improve the poor’s standard of living, the right to adequate housing will remain a distant dream for many. Any housing implementation strategy must be able to reduce housing backlogs, eradicate homelessness and slums and in general improve the poor’s standard of living. The thesis considers the diverse implementation strategies of the right to adequate housing as adopted by South Africa, Canada and India and reveals how each country has experienced systemic challenges. Against the background of international and regional human rights obligations, key issues are investigated to determine how to properly implement, enforce and monitor the right, include the role of a constitutionally entrenched right, the adoption of a housing legislative and/or policy measures, the role of the judiciary, (in)action on the part of government and the part played by national human rights commissions. While each of these three countries approaches the issue in their own unique way, and each country makes its own contribution, what is required is a coordinated and multi-faceted housing implementation system. Although the point of departure was to determine what South Africa could learn from Canada and India, the conclusion is that both Canada and India can draw inspiration from South Africa. Nevertheless, the main conclusions are that South Africa must urgently conduct a comprehensive review of its regressive 20 year housing implementation strategy and India’s 61 years five year plans. The Canadian judiciary should be looking at ways to enforce the right within the Canadian Charter as well as its domestic legislation to include ‘social condition’ as a discrimination ground. While both Canada and India must review their housing policies their judiciaries should be evaluating the history of homelessness and the reasonableness of their adopted housing policies. / Private Law / LLD

Hierdie proefskrif handel oor aspekte van inaedificatio (bebouing) in die Suid-Afrikaanse, Engelse en Nederlandse reg. Die klem val op die maatstawwe wat aangewend word om te bepaal of aanhegting van ‘n roerende saak aan ‘n onroerende saak plaasgevind het. Die maatstawwe in die drie stelsels toon ooreenkomste en verskille. Een ooreenkoms is dat die graad en wyse van aanhegting in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg oorweeg word, terwyl daar in die Engelse reg slegs na die graad van aanhegting gekyk word. In die Nederlandse reg word ’n duursame verbinding vereis om te bepaal of bestanddeelvorming plaasgevind het, en word gevra of verwydering van die saak sonder beskadiging kan plaasvind. In die Suid-Afrikaanse reg word die doel van die aangehegte saak oorweeg, hoewel Innes HR dit nie in MacDonald Ltd v Radin NO & The Potchefstroom Dairies & Industries Co Ltd so formuleer nie. Die aard van die roerende saak word in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg oorweeg, terwyl die aard en ontwerp van die roerende saak in die Nederlandse reg oorweeg word. In die Engelse reg word die doel waarvoor die aanhegting gemaak is oorweeg om die bedoeling met die aanhegting te bepaal. Die vraag is of die saak vir die permanente en substansiële verbetering van die gebou (grond) aangeheg is, of vir ’n tydelike doel of vir die beter benutting van die chattel. Die Nederlandse reg beklemtoon die bestemming van die aanhegting. Die opvallendste verskil tussen die Suid-Afrikaanse reg en die ander twee stelsels is die belang van die subjektiewe bedoeling van een of ander betrokkene. Die regsposisie van huurders wat sake aanheg verskil van dié van ander aanhegters. In al drie regstelsels kan huurders voor afloop van die huurtermyn sommige aangehegte sake verwyder, mits die huurgrond in dieselfde toestand gelaat word as waarin dit was voor die aanhegting. Die drie stelsels vertoon verskille soos dat onsekerheid bestaan oor wie die eienaar van die aangehegte sake is voor verwydering. In die Engelse reg heg bedryfsaanhegtings en ornamentele aanhegtings, nie aan nie. Ingevolge die Nederlandse reg is die verhuurder gedurende die huurtermyn eienaar van die aanhegtings, aangesien aanhegting plaasvind sodra die roerende sake aan die huurgrond heg. Die Suid-Afrikaanse reg hieroor is onduidelik. / This thesis deals with aspects of inaedificatio (building) in South African, English and Dutch law. The emphasis falls on the criteria that are applied to determine whether attachment of a movable to an immovable thing occurred. The criteria in the three systems show similarities and differences. One similarity is that in South African law the degree and manner of attachment are considered, while in English law only the degree of attachment is considered. To determine whether one thing became a component part of another thing (bestanddeelvorming) a durable connection is required In Dutch law. The question is whether removal can take place without causing damage. The purpose of the attached thing is considered in South African law, although Innes CJ did not formulate this criterion in this manner in MacDonald Ltd v Radin NO & The Potchefstroom Dairies & Industries Co Ltd. The nature of the movable thing is relevant, while the nature and design of the movable thing are considered in Dutch law. In English law the purpose of the attachment is considered to determine the intention with the attachment. The question is whether the thing was attached for the permanent and substantial improvement of the building (land) or for a temporary purpose or for the better use of the chattel. The destination (bestemming) of the attachment is considered in Dutch law. The most significant difference between South African law and the other two systems is the importance of the subjective intention of some person involved in the situation. The legal position of lessees who attach movales differs from that of other persons who make such attachments. In all three legal systems lessees may remove certain attached movables before the expiry of the term of lease as long as the leased land is left in the same condition that it was in before the attachment. The three systems also differs for example it is not certain who the owner of the attached things is before removal of the attachments. In English law trade and ornamental fixtures do not attach. In Dutch law the lessor is the owner of the attachments during the term of lease, because attachment takes place when the movable things are fixed to the leased land. The position in South African law on this is unclear. / Private Law / LL. D.