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This thesis coinsiders the two areas of CCTV research, town centre statistical studies and public attitude surveys and how CCTV has through widespread introduction, impacted upon the concept of privacy. The concept of privacy taken by this thesis is wider that the legal definition and is most briefly but relevantly defined as the 'freedom from surveillance by closed circuit television.' Town centre studies aim to look at the effectiveness of CCTV as a method of crime control. Public attitude surveys aim to use quantitative research questionnaires to discover the opinions of CCTV users, to gauge CCTV's effect upon the fear of crime and to analyse the public's expectations and actual experiences of CCTV and to consider if the social benefit of CCTV over the threat to privacy is on balance, worth the loss in privacy. Town centre and public attitude studies are the only types of published research thus far conducted upon CCTV. Three innovative studies have attempted to disperse the view that CCTV had specific uses, benefits and limitations. These studies focused on CCTV as a benefit to retail consumerism, the attitudes of offenders and the opinions and practices of CCTV operators. This thesis considers whether the threat to privacy is greater when surveillance is operated by private security companies in quasi-public places. The thesis considers how the general public's desire to shop has increased the likelihood of their submitting to such quasi-public space surveillance in return for the benefits of consumption

This thesis examines how cinema engages with changing surveillance practices, and the hypothesised paradigm shift from discipline to control. The first part of the thesis outlines those changes in terms of three crucial areas in any discussion of surveillance – the organisation of the body, space and time. Since its publication in the 1970s, Michel Foucault’s Discipline and Punish has been a continuous influence on much social theory. However, recent developments in surveillance practices suggest that the Foucauldian model of discipline may no longer be the most appropriate theoretical framework within which to discuss contemporary modes of surveillance. In Postscript on Control Societies, written in 1990, Gilles Deleuze offers a possible new paradigm (the control society) through which to explore emerging trends in surveillance practices, often linked to the increasing use of digital technologies. While the paradigm of control does not simply replace that of discipline, it does help us to understand the development and amelioration of disciplinary structures. The second part of the thesis offers an original perspective on ongoing debates in surveillance studies concerning discipline and control, by investigating how this shift is articulated and reflected upon in a diverse range of films (from mainstream productions such as Enemy of the State to avant-garde ‘essays’ such as Harun Farocki’s Ich glaubte Gefangene zu sehen) which explicitly engage with changes in surveillance practice. It focuses specifically on the cinematic representation of the body, space and time in the context of the hypothesised transition from discipline to control, and addresses a series of important questions for cinema’s engagement with surveillance: can cinema, with its reliance on the visual image, address the emerging surveillance society which is increasingly invisible and, if so, what strategies does cinema use to achieve this; and, what is the implication of such strategies for the cinematic spectator? In conclusion, the thesis reflects on how cinema shapes our understanding of the emerging surveillance society.