The criminalisation of seafarers has been observed as a growing phenomenon for more than thirty years, presenting a picture of increasing liability upon the Master even though their responsibilities remain essentially unchanged in generations of maritime law. Over the same period, the structure of the maritime environment in which they work has changed dramatically, as evidenced by the complex evolution of Fleet Ownership and Management and the resultant challenges in identifying the party liable in a potential action. Paradoxically, the person least able to influence such changes has been the Master, who has seen the key features of their traditional relationship with the ship operator blurring, as the structure of maritime operations has evolved with the demands of social and economic change. The effect of these changes has left the Master with diminishing management influence without losing responsibility. They remain Master Under God, but without God’s authority over the management of the ship’s affairs. Faced with an increasing amount of criminal prosecutions globally in recent decades, the shipping industry has met the phenomenon with growing dismay, the downstream consequence of which has raised questions challenging the proportionality and, indeed, the fairness, of criminal accountability, in what is perceived by the maritime community to be a disharmonised system worldwide. The purpose of this work is to examine the many facets of the mischief with which the phenomenon confronts the Master in their professional conduct, both in terms of Flag State and Port State obligations. But the purpose goes further than that, for upon this foundation we can then synthesise options for a solution. Ultimately, this thesis is all about the perception of justice in a globalised maritime community in the twenty first century – but the real challenge is to rationalise a new approach to criminalisation, which would meet the interests of justice both for the Master and the State. In the harsh reality of intractable disputes in the twenty first century, that new approach might mean a compromise, which may not be ideal for the Master or for the State, but would be something which both can live with.

This PhD submission is on the basis of a selection of the candidate's published works. It is argued that the accumulated papers and the more recently published book, "Policing and the media: facts, fictions and factions" together display coherence and progression, and have made an original contribution to knowledge through the development and promotion of a distinctive Anglo-Japanese perspective on policing styles and images. Innovation is further demonstrated through critical evaluation and updating of earlier studies on policing styles and images in Britain and Japan, by professors Reiner and Bayley respectively.

This thesis coinsiders the two areas of CCTV research, town centre statistical studies and public attitude surveys and how CCTV has through widespread introduction, impacted upon the concept of privacy. The concept of privacy taken by this thesis is wider that the legal definition and is most briefly but relevantly defined as the 'freedom from surveillance by closed circuit television.' Town centre studies aim to look at the effectiveness of CCTV as a method of crime control. Public attitude surveys aim to use quantitative research questionnaires to discover the opinions of CCTV users, to gauge CCTV's effect upon the fear of crime and to analyse the public's expectations and actual experiences of CCTV and to consider if the social benefit of CCTV over the threat to privacy is on balance, worth the loss in privacy. Town centre and public attitude studies are the only types of published research thus far conducted upon CCTV. Three innovative studies have attempted to disperse the view that CCTV had specific uses, benefits and limitations. These studies focused on CCTV as a benefit to retail consumerism, the attitudes of offenders and the opinions and practices of CCTV operators. This thesis considers whether the threat to privacy is greater when surveillance is operated by private security companies in quasi-public places. The thesis considers how the general public's desire to shop has increased the likelihood of their submitting to such quasi-public space surveillance in return for the benefits of consumption

Preventing money laundering is a major international problem. Several attempts, from the national to the international level, have been made to address and prevent money laundering. These are often frustrated by the dynamic nature of the crime itself. However, regardless of its reach and dynamism in illegal or legal transactions, which are often intertwined, individual nations need to address the issue of money laundering to signify to an international audience and legitimate commercial interests their intent to tackle money laundering and thus illustrate that public and private state run organisations in the financial and law enforcement sectors are honest and professional, and that their country is a ‘place to do business’. This thesis, therefore, presents an evaluation of the strategies and future directions of money laundering in Dubai, as it is a ‘new’, dynamic place in which to conduct business and the financial centre of the Middle East. It examines the various ways in which legislation and law enforcement in Dubai are struggling with and tackling the issues and problems of money laundering in the face of organised crime and terrorism. In this thesis, the concepts of money laundering and financial crimes in Dubai, with a special focus on strategies as well as future direction of control, are explored in some depth. This work has established that Dubai has a substantial anti-money laundering framework; however, it suffers from some weaknesses. These weaknesses are caused by the poor relationship between anti-money laundering units, the Anti-Organised Crime Department of the Dubai police, the financial sector and the Central Bank of Dubai. This situation is particularly evident when it comes to sharing information on those suspected of money laundering in Dubai. The ‘lack of a relationship’ is illustrated by primary research, as is the fact that other nations have (i.e. the UK) developed a more intelligence-led approach and partnerships in their quest to prevent money laundering where possible in their jurisdiction. This thesis highlights the progress that is needed in Dubai and the UAE to prevent money laundering, and as such is an original contribution to knowledge in an under-researched field in the Middle East.

This research considers the problem of small boat crime, the causes and possible prevention. Marine crime experts have explained the increase in small boat crime as being caused by boat owners' apathy in protecting their vessels. However this has never been substantiated. This investigation examines this explanation and attempts to comprehend the phenomenon of small boat crime and its prevention. Boat owners' apathy is considered in light of their levels of guardianship activities, an element of the Routine Activity theory which places the guardian in the crime event context. The research focuses on four key objectives; the lack of detailed small boat crime knowledge, the issue of apathy related to the crime prevention of boat owners, the un-orchestrated efforts of the boat community to tackle the problem and the wider provision of marine crime prevention. Through the achievement of these objectives a significant innovative work develops to identify recommendations for the boating community to prevent and control the problem. The validation of the explanation is undertaken by the examination of the boating community and environment, as well as the wider consideration of crime by society and by criminology. This is completed by the surveying of boat owners in relation to their crime prevention activities and attitudes in their environment. Through boating community collaboration and examination, this information is corroborated to endorse the research findings and the conclusions of the survey. The investigation provides a potential small boat crime prevention strategy of the boating community. It is significant that boat owners are only one part of the existing boat system. As yet however the issue of small boat crime being a 'boating community' problem has not yet fully been realised by its consi=tituent structure and elements, as no practical community encompassing strategy is in place to stem the growth of crime. The findings depict that the label of 'apathetic guardian' for boat owners is inappropriate. Evidence highlights a complex web of organisation, operation and legislation of the boating community and environment. Consideration of small boat crime and general crime in society are similar, yet society is not labelled apathetic in its prevention of crime. Latterly the Boat Owner Survey highlights the majority of boat owners appreciate this issue, not apathetic to the problem of small boat crime. The validation of the explanation assists in the comprehension of the phenomenon, initiating the possible control of small boat crime in the future.