South Africa‟s recent participation in the national, regional and international studies revealed that the South African learners perform poorly in mathematics when compared with other same-level learners in other participating countries. In response to the results, the Department of Basic Education implemented intervention strategies such as Foundations for Learning and the Systemic Evaluation among others to enhance learner performance in mathematics. This study investigated the role of Grade R teachers in creating a conducive environment for learning numeracy using schools in the Vhuronga circuit of the Vhembe District in South Africa as case studies. The investigation encompassed: (a) the extent to which Grade R teachers create a conducive environment for learning numeracy; (b) how Grade R teachers are implementing the numeracy curriculum and (c) classroom factors that influence approaches teachers employ during numeracy teaching. A qualitative methodology using case study research design was adopted for collecting data in Grade R classrooms at Vhuronga. Interviews, observation, and document analyses ensured valid data. Qualitative data analysis involved coding and categorizing patterns from field notes in order to identify themes for discussion. The study established that inadequate resources which include limited classroom space, lack of appropriate learning materials, furniture, and in-service teacher training programmes, were impediments that restricted Grade R teachers from creating a conducive environment for learning numeracy. The study further established that whole-class teaching dominated numeracy lessons. A few teachers who taught small classes implemented a variety of play-based activities that encouraged interaction and exploration of adequate learning materials in small-groups in order to create a conducive environment for learning numeracy. In contrast, most teachers with large classes considered the classroom layout fixed. The teachers arranged the desks in rows and engaged the whole-class in similar learning activities. Additionally, the study established the need for ongoing training to refine and update teachers‟ skills in creating well organized classrooms that are conducive for numeracy learning. The study recommends that the Department of Basic Education should create opportunies for Grade R teachers to participate in regular in-service training that emphasize practical work, in order to strengthen their capacity in creating conducive classrooms for learning numeracy and ensure quality education. / Mathematics Education / D. Ed. (Didactics)