Der vorliegende Bericht stellt das Ergebnis einer 2009 durchgeführten Datenanalyse und mehrstufigen Befragung zum Thema "Stiftungen und Gemeinnützigkeit" vor. Ziel ist es, einen Überblick über die Bedeutung der Gemeinnützigkeit in österreichischen Stiftungen zu geben. Von besonderem Interesse sind dabei quantitative Befunde (Schätzungen) über die Relevanz gemeinnütziger Aktivitäten. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt liegt in der Darstellung von Faktoren, die das gemeinnützige Engagement hemmen, sowie die Identifizierung von möglichen zukünftigen Entwicklungen. An dieser Stelle werden die zentralen Ergebnisse der Befragung in aller Kürze zusammengefasst. 1) Von den mehr als 3000 Privatstiftungen sind nur etwa 200 gemeinnützig. Hinzu kommen etwa 220 Bundes- und 240 Landesstiftungen, und eine Reihe an Privatstiftungen, die einen Teil der Erträge für gemeinnützige Zwecke vorsehen. Zusätzlich halten sich etwa die Hälfte aller Privatstiftungen die Möglichkeit offen (durch einen Passus in der Stiftungszusatzurkunde), sich künftig gemeinnützig zu betätigen. 2) Während in den letzten 15 Jahren kaum neue Bundes- und Landesstiftungen gegründet wurden, gab es einen langsamen aber kontinuierlichen Anstieg an gemeinnützigen Privatstiftungen. Dies wird vor allem auf rechtliche Grundlagen zurückgeführt, die bei Privatstiftungen eine wesentlich autonomere Gestaltung zulassen. 3) Die existierenden gemeinnützigen Stiftungen fördern vor allem Tätigkeiten in den Bereichen Bildung, soziale Dienstleistungen sowie Kultur. Während Bundes- und Landesstiftungen besonders stark im Bildungsbereich sowie im Bereich der sozialen Dienstleistungen tätig sind, kommt bei Privatstiftungen ein starker Kulturfokus hinzu. 4) Durch das gemeinnützige Engagement von Privatstiftungen werden jährlich Projekte und Initiativen in der Höhe zwischen 10 und 40 Millionen Euro gefördert. Umgerechnet pro Kopf (der österreichischen Wohnbevölkerung) sind das zwischen 1 und 5 Euro pro Jahr. 5) Im europäischen Vergleich nimmt Österreich damit eine Sonderstellung ein. In Deutschland ist das Verhältnis umgekehrt proportional. Von den mehr als 17.000 Stiftungen sind etwa 95% gemeinnützig. Dies ist vor allem auf ein sehr stifterfreundliches Umfeld (u.a. steuerliche Bedingungen) zurückzuführen. Dort werden pro Jahr mindestens zwischen 15 und 20 Milliarden Euro für gemeinnützige Zwecke ausgeschüttet. Pro Einwohner kommt man so auf Werte zwischen 180 und 230 Euro. Ähnlich verhält es sich in vielen anderen europäischen Ländern. 6) Restriktiv empfundene steuerliche Regelungen, die bisher vernachlässigte mediale Thematisierung, eine geringe Anzahl an Vorzeigebeispielen, mangelnde Transparenz im Stiftungssektor sowie ein Selbstverständnis, dass soziale Agenden vom Staat wahrgenommen werden, sind zentrale Hemmfaktoren. 7) Die zukünftige Bedeutung der Gemeinnützigkeit in Stiftungen wird maßgeblich von steuerund zivilrechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen, zum Zug kommenden Automatismen in Privatstiftungen sowie dem Umgang von Politik, Medien, StifterInnen und deren BeraterInnen mit diesem Thema, beeinflusst werden. Kritisch für die Gemeinnützigkeit ist in diesem Kontext die Tatsache, dass der Stiftungszweck und somit auch die Verankerung der Gemeinnützigkeit nur zu Lebzeiten der StifterInnen adaptiert werden kann. (Autor/inn/enref.) / Series: Working Papers / Institute for Nonprofit Management

No description available.

Kolorektale Karzinome sind durch ein spezifisches Muster chromosomaler Aberrationen charakterisiert, die im Verlauf der Tumorprogression akkumulieren. Obwohl die meisten Tumoren Sequenzgewinne oder Amplifikationen von Chromosom 13q aufweisen, sind die Zielgene dieser Aberration nach wie vor unbekannt. Um potentielle Onkogene bzw. therapeutische Zielgene auf Chromosom 13q zu identifizieren, wurde eine hochauflösende Analyse dieser Region durchgeführt. Dazu wurden 25 primäre Kolonkarzinome (UICC-II/III) und 15 kolorektale Zelllinien mittels Array-CGH untersucht. Zusätzlich wurden die Genexpressionsprofile dieser Tumoren und Zelllinien mittels Whole-Genome-Mikroarrays bestimmt. 67 Gene wiesen sowohl eine vermehrte Kopie-Anzahl als auch ein erhöhtes Expressionsniveau auf. Die Expressionsmuster dieser Gene wurden dann in 25 Kolonkarzinom-Zelllinien mittels Real-Time-PCR validiert, wobei 44 der 67 Gene eine deutliche Überexpression auch in den Zelllinien zeigten. Das Ausschalten von 13 dieser 44 Gene in der Kolonkarzinom-Zelllinie SW480 führte zu einer Reduktion der Zellviabilität von 20-60%. Diese 13 Gene könnten somit potentielle Onkogene oder mögliche therapeutische Zielgene darstellen. In Folgeexperimenten versuchen wir daher, die der Viabilitätsreduktion zugrundeliegenden Signalwege zu entschlüsseln.

Chiral aromatic nitrogen heterocycles are finding many applications in asymmetric organic synthesis, particularly as ligands in the preparation of chiral metal complexes. Since camphor-based chiral auxiliaries are known to be especially effective, a number of pyridines fused to the camphor skeleton have been reported. It is well known that nicotinic acid and its derivatives exhibiting qualitatively the biological activity of nicotinamide, which acts as an electron acceptor in many biological redox reactions. In connection to our works, we attempted to develop short and convenient way to prepare various camphorderived chiral pyridine or nicotinic acid derivatives. Here we report our results obtained from the annulation of (+)-&amp / #946 / -hydroxymethylenecamphor as the feasible chiral pool with various enamines derived from active methylene compounds. (+)-&amp / #946 / -Hydroxymethylenecamphor prepared from cheap and easily available natural (+)-camphor and enamines were transformed into chiral camphor-based pyridine derivatives via tandem condensation reaction in good yields.

This study presents synthetic studies on camptothecin, a potent antitumor agent in order to improve its stability and solubility without reducing its activity. The study consists of the modification of camptothecin at 20-OH position a new strategy for the targeted and controlled release of the drug and modification at C-7 position to overcome the stability and solubility problems of the free drug. In the first part of the study, the 20-OH functional group of camptothecin was replaced with an unsymmetrical benzoin derivative that is able to release the drug under photolysis at 350 nm. The new prodrugs synthesized possessed higher stability than the camptothecin itself. The in vitro irradiation of the prodrugs at 350 nm was satisfactory without any decomposition of the active substance. The second part of the study comprises the studies on the modification of the 7th position of camptothecin, which is the most suitable position for the modification. In this part of the study, 7-amino and silyl substituted camptothecins were synthesized.Combination of camptothecin with some other drugs such as cisplatin was also investigated in this study. The synthetic efforts showed that the reactions are very promising and the combination studies can be studied as a major subject in the future.

Toute orthographe est mixte, elle fait coexister deux principes : le principe phonographique, qui consiste en la transcription des phonèmes, et le principe sémiographique, en vertu duquel une unité graphique renvoie à du sens. Les analyses actuelles des spécialistes de l’écriture tendent à réévaluer la dimension sémiographique de l’orthographe. L’objectif est de faire apparaitre l’importance de ce versant de l’orthographe. Il s’agit d’établir la sémiographie des graphèmes vocaliques eau, au, ein, ain, ai et ei du français, en dégageant leurs valeurs logogrammique, morphogrammique grammaticale et morphogrammique lexicale, cette dernière valeur comportant deux aspects, d’une part, la valeur sémantique des graphèmes, d’autre part, la régularité des séries lexicales dans lesquelles apparaissent les mots comportant le graphème étudié. Pour cela, nous constituons des inventaires aussi vastes que possible de leurs occurrences lexicales et grammaticales. / Every orthography is a dual object, it combines two principles : the phonographic principle, which consists of the transcription of the language’s sounds, and the semiographic principle, in accordance with which a graphic unit refers to sense. Writing specialists’ current analyses tend to reevaluate the orthography’s semiographical dimension. The aim of this essay is to make appear the importance of the semiography of the vocalic graphemes ei, ein, ai, ain, au, eau, seeking their logogrammic, grammatical morphogrammic and lexical morphogrammic part, the morphogrammic part making appear the graphemes’ semantic part and the lexical series of the studied graphemes. We form a corpus as wide as possible of their lexical and grammatical occurrences.

This thesis considers literary and critical reverberations of environment and place in order to reframe conceptions of what nature might mean for contemporary poetry. It attends to the timeframe of 1990 – present, assessing how developments in socio-political context and critical thought correspond or conflict with poetic responses. The interdisciplinary reach of the thesis brings together literary geography and ecocriticism, both of which established their roots during this period, putting conventional understandings of place and environment under pressure. The approach encourages a geographical attention to socio-cultural concerns whilst maintaining critical awareness of recent ecocritical focus on materiality, emphasising the potentially productive friction between cultural representation and physical reality. The thesis responds to earlier Romantic paradigms, granting marginalised contemporary poetry a stronger critical agency whilst still accepting the transformations and metamorphoses of literary convention. Taking a thematic approach, each chapter engages with key binaries found in environmental and geographical thinking to reveal how contemporary poetics unsettle and challenge such dualisms. The study looks at the work of twelve writers: Thomas A. Clark, John Burnside, Alec Finlay, Roy Fisher, Philip Gross, Barry MacSweeney, Robert Minhinnick, Alice Oswald, Frances Presley, Jo Shapcott and Zoë Skoulding. As a result, it compares and contrasts the poets’ engagements with the key threads in the thesis, suggesting that contemporary poetry of place and environment is united through its recognition of the paradox or gap between the material world and linguistic representation. Ultimately, the thesis concludes that contemporary poetry of environment and place is deliberately unstable, as it metamorphoses forms, modes and legacies, encouraging an understanding of such work as simultaneously responsive to and yet distinct from conventional paradigms of nature poetry.

The subject of this thesis is the French language in the Franco-Belgian borderland. More specifically, it investigates language, linguistic perceptions and language attitudes in the French-speaking part of Belgium which borders France. The study takes a variationist approach and is grounded in sociolinguistic theory, but it also draws on theories and methodologies from elsewhere in the social sciences. Two questions are at the heart of this study: how do people speak French in the Belgian borderland and why do they speak that way? To answer the research questions, speech and questionnaire data were gathered from 39 informants living in the borderland city of Tournai and its surrounding area. With this data, a variety of analyses were performed. Sociophonetic investigations were carried out on two phonological variables, namely the vocalic oppositions /e/-/ɛ/ and /o/-/ɔ/, draw-a-map task perceptual data were analysed through a ‘visual methods’ lens, and attitudinal data were also examined. Social variation in linguistic behaviour, perceptions and language attitudes was also analysed. The notions of ‘space’, ‘place’ and ‘spatiality’ were accorded considerable importance: the interactions between language and ‘space’ as the factors of ‘mobility’, ‘media consumption’, ‘sense of place’ and ‘regional belonging’ were also examined. The findings include that French in the Belgian borderland is more similar to that in France than to elsewhere in Francophone Belgium and that this is due to a number of factors. Moreover, the French in the borderland appears to be converging on that in France, although some differences persist. It was also found that spatial factors interact with both linguistic and social ones. Finally, it was concluded that whilst there is no longer a physical barrier at the national border, it persists to an extent as a psychological one, and this has ramifications for borderlanders’ behaviour: be it linguistic or otherwise.

Addition reactions of nucleophilic trifluoromethyltrimethylsilane (CF3TMS) to acyl phosphonates were investigated. Various acyl phosphonates reacted readily with CF3TMS in the presence of K2CO3 to give 1-alkyl-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-trimethylsilyloxyethylphosphonate in 70-90% yields. When benzoyl phosphonates were used as starting material, after addition of CF3, the formed alcoholate undergoes phosphonatephosphate rearrangement to form the acyl anion, followed by elimination of F- to give 1-aryldifluoroethenyl phosphates in 87-97% yields. The proline&ndash / thiourea host&ndash / guest complex catalyzed intermolecular aldol reaction of aromatic aldehydes with cyclohexanone is developed. The anti-configured products were obtained in high yields and exclusively excellent nantioselectivities. The reaction is proposed to proceed according to a modified Houk&ndash / List model, in which the carboxylate moiety of the proline forms an assembly with the thiourea. These results clearly demonstrate the enormous effect of the thiourea on the reactivity and selectivity, even in an unconventional non-polar reaction medium, without the need to use low temperatures. A proline&ndash / thiourea host&ndash / guest complex is described as a good catalyst for the enantioselective nitro-Michael addition of aldehydes to nitroalkenes. The reaction is efficient with 5% of the thiourea, to give moderate to good enantioselectivity (up to 76% ee). High syn-selectivity was obtained with both branched and unbranched aliphatic aldehydes. This is the first example of self-assembly of organocatalysts with an achiral additive in a Michael addition wherein aldehydes are utilized as donors. An aldol reaction catalyzed by a proline&ndash / thiourea host&ndash / guest complex in a nonpolar solvent shows excellent nonlinear effects. This proline&ndash / thiourea system has the ability to form a hydrogen-bonding network. The enantiomeric excess of proline in a solution can be significantly enhanced by its incorporation with a urea molecule into its solid racemate. This suggests a general and facile route to homochirality, which may be involved in the origin of chirality on earth.

Design of new chiral ligands for asymmetric synthesis is important. The ligand should be economical and efficient in enantioselective transformations. For the synthesis of some natural products and biologically active compounds, optically active amines are used as important intermediates. For this reason, it is significant to develop new catalyst system which can produce optically active amines in an economical and efficient way. Our group developed PFAM ligands and used successfully for the enantioselective synthesis of organic compounds. In this work, these ligands were tested as chiral catalysts for enantioselective synthesis of amines. N-sulphonyl and N-phosphinoyl imines synthesized from aromatic aldehydes were used as the starting material for enantioselective diethylzinc addition reaction in the presence of copper salt and PFAM ligands. By improving the known procedure, N-benzylidine sulphonylaldimine was obtained in excellent yield (98%). Asymmetric diethylzinc addition reaction to N-sulphonyl and N-phosphinoyl aryaldimines provided chiral amines in up to 81% enantioselectivity and 99% yield.