Inaug.-Diss.--Bonn. / Lebenslauf. "Hier [kommt] nur der 1. Teil der ... Arbeit zum abdruck. Die Übrigen teile erscheinen Umgearbeitet und Erweitert als heft 7 der Klassisch-philologischen studien hgg. von E. Bickel und Chr. Jensen (Leipzig, 1936)." At head of title: Klassische philologie Bibliographical foot-notes.

Vários estudos indicam que o canabidiol (CBD) apresenta grande potencial terapêutico por possuir propriedades anti-inflamatória, analgésica, anticonvulsivante, anticompulsiva, entre outras. No entanto, o CBD apresenta baixa biodisponibilidade, o que pode comprometer seu uso clínico. Além disso, os múltiplos efeitos farmacológicos do CBD ocorrem por diferentes mecanismos. Nesse sentido, o desenvolvimento de compostos com efeitos semelhantes ao CBD, porém mais potentes e/ou com melhor perfil farmacocinético, seria importante. Assim, no presente estudo, nós avaliamos os efeitos induzidos por um derivado fluorado do CBD, o HU-474, comparando-os com aqueles induzidos pelo CBD. Para isso, camundongos suíços machos foram submetidos a modelos animais sensíveis a drogas anticompulsivas (teste de enterrar esferas) e antinociceptivas (teste da placa quente, contorção abdominal e hiperalgesia inflamatória). Para o estudo dos mecanismos envolvidos nos efeitos destes compostos, foram utilizados os antagonistas dos receptores canabinóides CB1, AM251, e CB2, AM630. Adicionalmente, nós avaliamos se o HU-474 induziria os efeitos clássicos (tétrade canabinóide) observados após a administração de agonistas dos receptores CB1 como hipolocomoção, hipotermia, catalepsia e antinocicepção. Os possíveis efeitos antinociceptivos e da tétrade canabinóide induzidos pelo CBD e HU-474 foram comparados com os efeitos induzidos pelo WIN55,212-2, uma agonista dos receptores CB1/2. Foi observado que o CBD (30 e 60mg/kg) e o HU-474 (10mg/kg) induziram uma diminuição no número de esferas enterradas, efeito comparado ao da fluoxetina e atenuado pelos antagonistas AM251 e AM630. Como esperado, o WIN55,212-2 induziu a tétrade canabinóide, um efeito não observado com o CBD e HU-474. No teste da placa quente o HU-474 (30 mg/kg) e WIN55,212-2 (5mg/kg) induziram efeito antinociceptivo. O pré- tratamento com AM251 e AM630 atenuaram os efeitos do HU-474 e WIN55,212-2. No teste de contorção abdominal induzida pelo ácido acético, o CBD (30 e 90 mg/kg), HU-474 (30mg/kg) e WIN55,212-2 (3 e 5mg/kg) induziram efeito antinociceptivo caracterizado pela redução no número de contorções abdominais. O pré-tratamento com AM251 atenuou o efeito apenas do WIN55,212-2, mas não dos outros compostos. Já o antagonista AM630 não foi capaz de atenuar o efeito de nenhum dos compostos testados. No modelo de hiperalgesia inflamatória induzida por carragenina, o CBD (30 e 90mg/kg), HU-474 (3, 10 e 30mg/kg) e WIN55,212-2 (1mg/kg) foram capazes de diminuir a intensidade de hiperalgesia mecânica, avaliada pelo método de von Frey. Sendo que os efeitos do WIN55,212-2, CBD e HU-474 foram atenuados pelo pré-tratamento com AM251 e AM630. Estes resultados indicam que o HU-474 induz efeitos anticompulsivos semelhantes ao CBD, mas em doses mais baixas, através de mecanismo dependente da ativação dos receptores CB1 e CB2. Além disso, o HU-474 apresentou propriedades antinociceptivas em todos os testes utilizados, em doses semelhantes ou menores que o CBD. Os efeitos antinociceptivos dos três compostos testados foram dependentes da ativação de receptores CB1 e CB2, com exceção do teste de contorção abdominal, onde os efeitos do CBD e HU-474 não foram bloqueados por nenhum dos dois antagonistas testados. Diferente do WIN55,212-2, o CBD e HU-474 não induziram tétrade canabinóide. Esses resultados evidenciaram efeitos mais significativos do HU-474, indicando que a adição de um átomo de flúor a molécula de CBD foi capaz de melhorar o seu perfil farmacológico. Além disso, os resultados com o pré-tratamento com os antagonistas AM251 e AM630 nos permitem sugerir um mecanismo misto, visto que há o envolvimento dos receptores CB1 e CB2. Desse modo, esse novo composto poderia ser uma alternativa terapêutica para o tratamento do transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo, bem como dores agudas em doses menores que o CBD / Cannabidiol (CBD) has several therapeutic properties such as antiinflammatory, analgesic, anticonvulsivant and anticompulsive. These multiple pharmacological effects occur by different mechanisms. However, CBD exhibits low bioavailability, which may compromise its clinical use. Thus, the development of CBD analogues, more powerful and/or better pharmacokinetic profile would be interest. Here, we evaluated the effects of a fluorinated derivative of CBD, HU-474, comparing its effects with those induced by CBD. Male Swiss mice were submitted to animal models predictive to anti-compulsive (marble burying test) and antinociceptive drugs (hot plate, abdominal writhing and inflammatory hyperalgesia test). To study the mechanisms involved in their effects were used antagonist of the cannabinoid receptor CB1(AM251) and CB2 (AM630). We also evaluated whether HU-474 would induce the classic effects (cannabinoid tetrad) observed after the administration of CB1 receptors agonists. The cannabinoid tetrad is characterized by hypolocomotion, hypothermia, catalepsy, and antinociception. The possible antinociceptive effects and cannabinoid tetrad induced by CBD and HU-474 were compared with those induced by WIN55,212-2, a CB1/2 receptor agonist. CBD (30 and 60mg/kg), and HU-474 (10mg/kg) decreased the number of buried marble, an effect compared with fluoxetine an attenuated by AM251 and AM630. As expected, WIN55,212-2 induced the cannabinoid tetrad, an effect that was not observed after CBD or HU-474 administration. In the hot plate test, HU-474 (30mg/kg) and WIN55,212-2 (5mg/kg) induced antinociceptive effect. Pretreatment with AM251 and AM640 attenuated the effects induced by HU-474 and WIN55,212-2. In the abdominal writhing test induced by acetic acid, CBD (30 and 90mg/kg), HU-474 (30mg/kg) and WIN55,212-2 (3 and 5mg/kg) induced antinociceptive effects characterized by a reduction in the number of writhing. Pretreatment with AM251 only attenuated the effect of WIN55,212-2, but not of the other compounds, while AM630 didn\"t attenuated the effect of any of the tested compounds. In an inflammatory hyperalgesia model induced by carrageenan, CBD (30 and 90mg/kg), HU-474 (3, 10 and 30mg/kg) and WIN55,212-2 (1mg/kg) decreased the intensity of mechanical hyperalgesia measured by electronic von Frey method. The effects of all compounds were attenuated by the pretreatment with AM251 and AM630. These results indicate that HU-474 exhibits anti-compulsive effects similar to CBD, but at lower doses, through a mechanism dependent of the activation of CB1 and CB2 receptors. Furthermore, HU-474 showed antinociceptive properties in all tests at similar or lower doses than CBD. The antinociceptive effects of the three compounds tested were dependent on the activation of CB1 and CB2 receptors, excepted to the writhing test, where the effects of CBD and HU-474 were not attenuated by any of the two antagonists tested. Moreover, unlike WIN55,212-2, CBD and HU- 474 didn\'t induce cannabinoid tetrad. These results showed more significant effects of HU-474, indicating that the addition of fluoride improved the pharmacological profile of CBD. Furthermore, the results with pretreatment with the antagonist AM251 and AM630 allow us to suggest that these effects involve the activation of CB1 and CB2 receptors. Thus, this new compound could be a therapeutical alternative for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and acute pain in lower doses than CBD

Vários estudos indicam que o canabidiol (CBD) apresenta grande potencial terapêutico por possuir propriedades anti-inflamatória, analgésica, anticonvulsivante, anticompulsiva, entre outras. No entanto, o CBD apresenta baixa biodisponibilidade, o que pode comprometer seu uso clínico. Além disso, os múltiplos efeitos farmacológicos do CBD ocorrem por diferentes mecanismos. Nesse sentido, o desenvolvimento de compostos com efeitos semelhantes ao CBD, porém mais potentes e/ou com melhor perfil farmacocinético, seria importante. Assim, no presente estudo, nós avaliamos os efeitos induzidos por um derivado fluorado do CBD, o HU-474, comparando-os com aqueles induzidos pelo CBD. Para isso, camundongos suíços machos foram submetidos a modelos animais sensíveis a drogas anticompulsivas (teste de enterrar esferas) e antinociceptivas (teste da placa quente, contorção abdominal e hiperalgesia inflamatória). Para o estudo dos mecanismos envolvidos nos efeitos destes compostos, foram utilizados os antagonistas dos receptores canabinóides CB1, AM251, e CB2, AM630. Adicionalmente, nós avaliamos se o HU-474 induziria os efeitos clássicos (tétrade canabinóide) observados após a administração de agonistas dos receptores CB1 como hipolocomoção, hipotermia, catalepsia e antinocicepção. Os possíveis efeitos antinociceptivos e da tétrade canabinóide induzidos pelo CBD e HU-474 foram comparados com os efeitos induzidos pelo WIN55,212-2, uma agonista dos receptores CB1/2. Foi observado que o CBD (30 e 60mg/kg) e o HU-474 (10mg/kg) induziram uma diminuição no número de esferas enterradas, efeito comparado ao da fluoxetina e atenuado pelos antagonistas AM251 e AM630. Como esperado, o WIN55,212-2 induziu a tétrade canabinóide, um efeito não observado com o CBD e HU-474. No teste da placa quente o HU-474 (30 mg/kg) e WIN55,212-2 (5mg/kg) induziram efeito antinociceptivo. O pré- tratamento com AM251 e AM630 atenuaram os efeitos do HU-474 e WIN55,212-2. No teste de contorção abdominal induzida pelo ácido acético, o CBD (30 e 90 mg/kg), HU-474 (30mg/kg) e WIN55,212-2 (3 e 5mg/kg) induziram efeito antinociceptivo caracterizado pela redução no número de contorções abdominais. O pré-tratamento com AM251 atenuou o efeito apenas do WIN55,212-2, mas não dos outros compostos. Já o antagonista AM630 não foi capaz de atenuar o efeito de nenhum dos compostos testados. No modelo de hiperalgesia inflamatória induzida por carragenina, o CBD (30 e 90mg/kg), HU-474 (3, 10 e 30mg/kg) e WIN55,212-2 (1mg/kg) foram capazes de diminuir a intensidade de hiperalgesia mecânica, avaliada pelo método de von Frey. Sendo que os efeitos do WIN55,212-2, CBD e HU-474 foram atenuados pelo pré-tratamento com AM251 e AM630. Estes resultados indicam que o HU-474 induz efeitos anticompulsivos semelhantes ao CBD, mas em doses mais baixas, através de mecanismo dependente da ativação dos receptores CB1 e CB2. Além disso, o HU-474 apresentou propriedades antinociceptivas em todos os testes utilizados, em doses semelhantes ou menores que o CBD. Os efeitos antinociceptivos dos três compostos testados foram dependentes da ativação de receptores CB1 e CB2, com exceção do teste de contorção abdominal, onde os efeitos do CBD e HU-474 não foram bloqueados por nenhum dos dois antagonistas testados. Diferente do WIN55,212-2, o CBD e HU-474 não induziram tétrade canabinóide. Esses resultados evidenciaram efeitos mais significativos do HU-474, indicando que a adição de um átomo de flúor a molécula de CBD foi capaz de melhorar o seu perfil farmacológico. Além disso, os resultados com o pré-tratamento com os antagonistas AM251 e AM630 nos permitem sugerir um mecanismo misto, visto que há o envolvimento dos receptores CB1 e CB2. Desse modo, esse novo composto poderia ser uma alternativa terapêutica para o tratamento do transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo, bem como dores agudas em doses menores que o CBD / Cannabidiol (CBD) has several therapeutic properties such as antiinflammatory, analgesic, anticonvulsivant and anticompulsive. These multiple pharmacological effects occur by different mechanisms. However, CBD exhibits low bioavailability, which may compromise its clinical use. Thus, the development of CBD analogues, more powerful and/or better pharmacokinetic profile would be interest. Here, we evaluated the effects of a fluorinated derivative of CBD, HU-474, comparing its effects with those induced by CBD. Male Swiss mice were submitted to animal models predictive to anti-compulsive (marble burying test) and antinociceptive drugs (hot plate, abdominal writhing and inflammatory hyperalgesia test). To study the mechanisms involved in their effects were used antagonist of the cannabinoid receptor CB1(AM251) and CB2 (AM630). We also evaluated whether HU-474 would induce the classic effects (cannabinoid tetrad) observed after the administration of CB1 receptors agonists. The cannabinoid tetrad is characterized by hypolocomotion, hypothermia, catalepsy, and antinociception. The possible antinociceptive effects and cannabinoid tetrad induced by CBD and HU-474 were compared with those induced by WIN55,212-2, a CB1/2 receptor agonist. CBD (30 and 60mg/kg), and HU-474 (10mg/kg) decreased the number of buried marble, an effect compared with fluoxetine an attenuated by AM251 and AM630. As expected, WIN55,212-2 induced the cannabinoid tetrad, an effect that was not observed after CBD or HU-474 administration. In the hot plate test, HU-474 (30mg/kg) and WIN55,212-2 (5mg/kg) induced antinociceptive effect. Pretreatment with AM251 and AM640 attenuated the effects induced by HU-474 and WIN55,212-2. In the abdominal writhing test induced by acetic acid, CBD (30 and 90mg/kg), HU-474 (30mg/kg) and WIN55,212-2 (3 and 5mg/kg) induced antinociceptive effects characterized by a reduction in the number of writhing. Pretreatment with AM251 only attenuated the effect of WIN55,212-2, but not of the other compounds, while AM630 didn\"t attenuated the effect of any of the tested compounds. In an inflammatory hyperalgesia model induced by carrageenan, CBD (30 and 90mg/kg), HU-474 (3, 10 and 30mg/kg) and WIN55,212-2 (1mg/kg) decreased the intensity of mechanical hyperalgesia measured by electronic von Frey method. The effects of all compounds were attenuated by the pretreatment with AM251 and AM630. These results indicate that HU-474 exhibits anti-compulsive effects similar to CBD, but at lower doses, through a mechanism dependent of the activation of CB1 and CB2 receptors. Furthermore, HU-474 showed antinociceptive properties in all tests at similar or lower doses than CBD. The antinociceptive effects of the three compounds tested were dependent on the activation of CB1 and CB2 receptors, excepted to the writhing test, where the effects of CBD and HU-474 were not attenuated by any of the two antagonists tested. Moreover, unlike WIN55,212-2, CBD and HU- 474 didn\'t induce cannabinoid tetrad. These results showed more significant effects of HU-474, indicating that the addition of fluoride improved the pharmacological profile of CBD. Furthermore, the results with pretreatment with the antagonist AM251 and AM630 allow us to suggest that these effects involve the activation of CB1 and CB2 receptors. Thus, this new compound could be a therapeutical alternative for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and acute pain in lower doses than CBD

Also issued as a Ph.D. thesis in the Dept. of Electrical Engineering, 1969. / Bibliography: p.113-117.

In this ethnobotanical study, an ethnoarchaeological approach was adopted for the archaeological implications of the importance of wild food plants and their dietary uses in the Neolithic and Chalcolithic Periods in Central Anatolia by exploring the dietary uses of these plants by the modern villagers of Konya Basin. The study was based on the indigenous knowledge of the modern villagers of Konya of managing wild food plant resource in their surroundings for the dietary uses. This knowledge was explored through ethnobotanical research strategies. The study was limited by both the research subject and the area for a better focus on the research. The geographical borders were limited to Central Anatolia as it included Neolithic and Chalcolithic sites with detailed archaeological investigations and it made a comparison available between different geographical zones. Because it was possible to study similar environments today in the Konya Basin, nine modern villages to collect ethnobotanical data were chosen from three different environmental zones in this area, which included wetland, forest and steppe zones. The wild fruit, nut and tuber species recovered from the archaeological excavations were selected for study in their current natural environments. The different strategies of harvesting, processing and storage local people used for the consumption of each plant species provided useful implications to archaeological recoveries.

In this thesis, the distribution and state of Posidonia oceanica meadows along the Turkish coast of the north eastern Mediterranean was investigated. The study area was a unique site due to the presence of eastern geographical limit of Posidonia oceanica meadows in Mediterranean Sea. It was aimed to assess the possible reasons of the absence and/or regression in relation to environmental changes. The study was conducted from September 2004 to January 2007 in 5 main regions between Anamur/Mersin and Samandag/Hatay. The regions were determined according to the presence/absence of Posidonia oceanica meadows / 1 region including the boundary meadow at the geographical distribution limit, 1 region western and 3 regions eastern to that boundary meadow. To describe the hydrological characteristics of the study area temperature, salinity and light were measured as abiotic descriptors. Additionally sedimentological analysis was carried out to check the suitability of the substrate type for Posidonia oceanica colonization. The main differences between the regions were found in temperature and light conditions. Both, the recordings of temperature loggers at 10 and 15 meter depths and the sea surface temperature retrieved from satellite (NOAA-AVHRR) showed that the eastern stations with no Posidonia oceanica meadows were warmer than the western stations. Consequently in this study the maximum tolerable temperature limit for Posidonia oceanica growth was determined as 28.4&deg / C from the data collected by the temperature loggers placed to natural meadows near to the boundary meadow. Generally, the whole study area had a limiting light condition for seagrass growth due to low penetration depths of the 10% of surface irradiation. This was a generalized minimum light requirement for growth of seagrasses. Especially in Mersin and Iskenderun bays the minimum required light level did not reached deeper than 10 meter depths in coastal stations. The biological parameters of the Posidonia oceanica meadows were investigated under 3 complementary methods in the first two regions. The structural descriptors were measured in-situ. The lowest shoot density and leaf lengths were found to be in boundary meadow. This meadow had also the lowest depth limit among other stations. The functional descriptors were examined by the lepidochronological and phenological analysis in laboratory. Most of the measurements varied either with respect to depth or among stations according to the abiotic factors of the stations. The lepidochronological cycles obtained from sheath thicknesses were further correlated with abiotic descriptors via a mathematical model. Finally, the first transplantation experiment of Posidonia oceanica along Turkish coasts has been conducted in 2 regions where presently no meadows exist. The survival of cuttings in one station indicated the success of the methodology, while the failure in other stations provided information on the possible reasons of absence/degradation of natural meadows in the area. These included the destructive impact of bottom trawling, the high pressure of grazing (the potential causes of Lessepsian migration) and the long term changes in climate resulting in alterations of environmental conditions such as increasing temperature and reduced light penetration.

Conifer species are subjected to major time constraints in tree improvement because of their long regeneration cycle and large sizes. However, integration of developing biotechnologies could significantly reduce this time limitation in tree breeding programs. In this regard, somatic embryogenesis (SE) offers a great potential in commercially important Turkish red pine (Pinus brutia TEN.) for rapid production of larger number of clones as well as capture of greater genetic gains. In this study, seven collections were done to sample precotyledonar zygotic embryos for induction of embryogenic tissue (ET) from 15 clones located in Antalya. Afterwards, abscisic acid, carbohydrates, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and gellan gum were tested to obtain mature somatic embryos in maturation experiments. Analyses of variance showed a significant variation among collection dates (43.1% of total variance) and clones studied (18.8% of total variance) for induction of ETs. Overall initiation frequency of ET in this study was 11.6% with clonal range of 4.7 &amp / #8211 / 24.1%. Of those tested maturation treatments, 80&amp / #956 / M ABA, sucrose and maltose at 3 and 6%, 3.75% PEG combined with 1% gellan gum were found to be suitable for maturation of somatic embryos in Turkish red pine. Sixty nine somatic embryos were obtained from Clone 22, which was one of tested clones. Induction frequencies could be further improved by using different basal media and/or manipulating media components, such as plant growth regulators. For proper maturation of somatic embryos, embryogenic lines need to be screened to find suitable lines, which are developmentally responsive to ABA treatment.

ABSTRACT COMPARATIVE SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF THE INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACER 2 REGION OF TURKISH RED PINE (Pinus brutia TEN.) AND NATURAL ALEPPO PINE (Pinus halepensis MILL.) POPULATIONS FROM TURKEY Tozkar, &Ouml / zge M.S., Department of Biology Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Zeki Kaya April, 2007, 107 pages Turkish red pine (Pinus brutia) is wide-spread and an important forest tree species in Turkey, occurring mainly in southern, western and north-western Turkey and as small isolated populations in the Black Sea region. Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) has naturally found only in Adana and Mugla provinces as small population in mixture with Turkish red pine. Although Turkish red pine and Aleppo pine are morphologically different, Turkish red pine has been regarded as subspecies of Aleppo pine by some taxonomists due to occurrence of natural hybridization between these two species. However, the phylogenic relationship between these species needs to be explored further. In the present study, by sampling overlapped populations of both species from Mugla and Adana provinces (4 populations of Turkish red pine and 3 populations of Aleppo pine), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA were comparatively studied with sequence analysis. Although ITS1, 5.8s and ITS2 regions of ribosomal DNA were studied with ITS primers, only ITS2 region was successfully amplified with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The complete data set for this region was analysed using MEGA3.1 and Arlequin softwares. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) demonstrated the highest genetic differentiation between Turkish red pine and Aleppo pine in Mugla with 100 percentage of variation. AMOVA analysis also indicated the possibility of low-level migration of genes between Turkish red pine and Aleppo pine populations in Adana with 50.65 percent of molecular variance. Haplotype comparison revealed that two major haplotypes were represented Based on the results of ITS2 region sequence analysis, Turkish populations of Aleppo pine and Turkish red pine populations could not be fully differentiated. In Mugla province Turkish red pine and Aleppo pine revealed more differentiation due to reproductive isolation. But in Adana province, two species shared more common genetic background due to possible hybridization. Since ITS2 region of nuclear ribosomal DNA revealed a few variable and parsimony informative sites for both species, thus, only ITS2 region of ribosomal DNA does not appear to be sufficient for fully resolving genetic relationships between Turkish red pine and Aleppo pine populations. Further studies including ITS1 and 5.8s regions of ribosomal DNA and populations included from major Aleppo pine distribution areas will be useful to understand the evolutionary relationship between Aleppo pine and Turkish red pine populations in Turkey.

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) binds synthetic and chemoprotective phytochemicals, and research in this laboratory has developed selective AhR modulators (SAhRMs) for treatment of breast cancer. Activation of the AhR through agonists such as TCDD inhibits hormone activation of several E2-responsive genes in breast cancer cell lines. In this study, inhibition of E2-induced proliferation and gene expression by TCDD has been investigated in the uterus of wildtype, ERKO and AhRKO mice. Cyclin D1, DNA polymerase ?, and VEGF mRNA levels are induced by E2 through ER? in the uterus as determined by in situ hybridization studies. TCDD down-regulated E2-induced cyclin D1 and DNA polymerase ? expression, but not E2-induced VEGF expression, in wild-type mice, but not AhRKO mice, confirming the role of the AhR. Furthermore, protein synthesis was not necessary for induction of cyclin D1 or DNA polymerase ?gene expression by E2 or inhibition of these responses by TCDD. Therefore, AhR-ER? crosstalk directly regulates the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation in vivo. AhR agonists induce down-regulation of ErbB family receptors in multiple tissues/organs suggesting possible inhibitory interactions with chemotherapeutic potential. Recently, it has been reported that the SAhRM 1,1??,2,2??-tetramethyldiindolylmethane inhibited DMBA-induced mammary tumor growth in rats and also inhibited MAPK and PI3-K pathways in human breast cancer cells. BT-474 and MDA-MB-453 cell lines are ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer cells that express functional AhR and exhibit constitutive activation of MAPK and PI3-K pathways. Therefore, 1,1??,2,2??-tetramethyldiindolylmethane-induced inhibition of ErbB2 signaling was investigated in these cells lines and in the MMTV-c-neu mouse mammary tumor model, which overexpresses ErbB2 in the mammary gland. The growth of ErbB2 overexpressing cell lines and mammary tumors was inhibited by 1,1??,2,2??-tetramethyldiindolylmethane; however, modulation of MAPK or PI3-K pathways and cell cycle proteins nor induction of apoptosis by 1,1',2,2'-tetramethyldiindolylmethane was observed in the ErbB2overexpressing cell lines. Current studies are investigating mitochondrial effects of 1,1??,2,2??-tetramethyldiindolylmethane in the ErbB2-overexpressing cell lines, as well as continuing studies on gene expression profiles in the mammary glands of MMTV-c-neu mice to better understand and identify critical genes that are responsible for ErbB2-mediated transformation and growth of cancer cells/tumors.

An inspection system was required in order to eliminate the difficulties which appear during the inspection of the vehicles according to specific criteria at Turkish Custom Border in a short time and effectively. In this thesis, we performed experiments on such a system to obtain the overall performance of its inspection quality. We firstly give with reasons, why the source of beam is selected as X-ray source. The subsystems of the main system are the accelerator subsystem and detector subsystem. Their structures and working principles are studied in detail by comparing them with their alternatives. Series of experiments are carried out to verify the general performance of system in terms of radiation security and quality of images produced by the system. These experiments were classified as general scan experiment, inspection performance experiment, image quality indicator experiment, radiation safety experiment and general performance experiment. The container inspection system studied and experimented in this thesis is now used effectively in Turkish Customs Boarder, Edirne Kapikule and Edirne ipsala.