A heavy-current positive-column discharge through helium containing traces of nitrogen and hydrogen (or deuterium) gives intense emission spectra of NH, ND, NH+ and ND+. Rotational analyses have been made of thirty bands in the regions 2450-3020Å and 4300-5590Å from photographs taken in a 21ft. concave grating spectrograph. In NH+, Feast's analysis of bands at λλ2886, 2730 has been revised, and new analyses of 2∑+- 2π bands at λλ2965, 2812, 2683 and 2599, a 2∆-2π band at λ4348, and 2∑--2π bands at λλ5348 and 4628 are presented. Similarities to CH are noted, and the molecular states are correlated with those of the united atom and the dissociation products. Morse potential curves have been drawn on the assumption that Do°(Ne) = 4.65 eV.

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Les neutrinos sont probablement les particules les plus particulières connues à ce jours. Dès la première hypothèse sur leur existence, en 1930, jusqu'à aujourd'hui, ils ont incité les scientifiques à élaborer des techniques expérimentales novatrices et à développer des modèles théoriques pour expliquer et étudier leurs propriétés.Le télescope à neutrinos ANTARES a été optimisé pour étudier les neutrinos de haute énergie provenant d’objets astrophysiques galactiques et extra-galactiques. Par contre, aux énergies des neutrinos de l’ordre de quelques dizaines de GeV, la configuration du détecteur et les algorithmes de reconstruction permettent d’étudier le phénomène de disparition des neutrinos atmosphériques muoniques dû aux oscillations des neutrinos, en observant les distorsions de la distribution énergétique et angulaire des événements détectés. De manière similaire, des contraintes sur le \-modèle neutrino 3+1, qui prévoit l’existence d’un neutrino stérile, peuvent être inférées. En utilisant les données collectées par le télescope à neutrinos ANTARES entre 2007 et 2016, une nouvelle mesure de $\Delta m^2_{32}$ et $\theta_{23}$ a été effectuée et des contraintes sur le modèle 3+1 ont été dérivées.La lumière Cherenkov induite par les produits de désintégrations d'éléments radioactifs est l’une des principales sources de lumière de fond pour les télescopes à neutrinos profonds tels que ANTARES. Ces désintégrations sont en même temps une source d'étalonnage puissante. À partir des données collectées par le télescope à neutrinos ANTARES entre mi-2008 et 2017, l’évolution temporelle de l’efficacité de détection des photons des modules optiques a également été étudiée. / Neutrinos are probably the most peculiar particles known. From the first assumption about their existence, back in 1930, till today, they have challenged scientists in building innovative experimental techniques as well as in developing theoretical models in order to explain and study their properties.The ANTARES neutrino telescope has been optimized to study high energy neutrinos coming from galactic and extra-galactic astrophysical objects. On the other hand, at neutrino energies of the order of a few tens of GeV, the detector configuration and the reconstruction algorithms allow to study the phenomenon of atmospheric muon neutrino disappearance due to neutrino oscillations, by looking at distortions in the energy and angular distributions of detected events. In a similar way, constraints on the 3+1 neutrino model, which foresees the existence of a sterile neutrino, can be inferred. Using data collected by the ANTARES neutrino telescope from 2007 to 2016, a new measurement of $\Delta m^2_{32}$ and $\theta_{23}$ has been performed, and constraints on the 3+1 model have been derived.Cherenkov light induced by radioactive decay products is one of the major sources of background light for deep-sea neutrino telescopes such as ANTARES. These decays are at the same time a powerful calibration source. Using data collected by the ANTARES neutrino telescope from mid 2008 to 2017, the time evolution of the photon detection efficiencyof optical modules has been studied as well.

La ChromoDynamique Quantique (CDQ) décrit les interactions entre les partons. Ces partons sont confinés dans les hadrons, cependant la CDQ prédit un nouvel état de la matière où les partons sont dé-confinés des hadrons : Le Plasma de Quarks et de Gluons (PQG). L'étude du PQG est un axe de recherche challengeant puisque l'on observe expérimentalement les hadrons et non les partons. Dans cette thèse, j'étudie les anisotropies des angles azimutaux de la production de particule qui est directement liée à l'anisotropie du fluide. Cette anisotropie, due à une anisotropie spatiale initiale, donne des informations sur les propriétés du PQG et son expansion. qui est directement liée à l'anisotropie du fluide. On observe des effets « d'écoulement » lors des collisions d'ions lourds (AA) aux hautes énergies du RHIC et du LHC mais également aux basses énergies du Beam Energy Scan (BES). Récemment, des effets d'écoulement ont été également observés lors des collisions de petits systèmes (pp). La problématique de cette thèse est : Est-ce qu'un « plasma en expansion collectif » est créé dans tous les systèmes : grand (AA) ou petit (pp) des basses énergies du BES aux hautes énergies du LHC ? EPOS est un générateur d'évènements dédie à l'étude des collisions d'ions lourds et proton-proton. J'analyse l'écoulement anisotropique avec EPOS pour tous types de systèmes (pp, AA), énergies (LHC, RHIS, BES), pour tous types de « sondes » d'écoulement. Pour effectuer mon analyse, j'ai développé un framework facilement utilisable indépendamment des futurs développements d'EPOS. C'est très important car les résultats de mon analyse vont impacter sur les prochaines mises à jour du modèle à petite taille de système et à basse énergie. / Quantum ChromoDynamics (QCD) describes the interaction between partons (nuclear matter's degrees of freedom). These partons are usually confined into hadrons, however QCD predicts that a new state of matter exists where partons are deconfined from hadrons: the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP). The QGP is formed in high energy heavy ion collisions. QGP study is exiting and theoretically challenging research field mainly because instead of partons, hadrons are observed. In this thesis, I study anisotropies in the azimuthal angle of particle production, which is directly related to the fluid's anisotropy. The fluid anisotropy is the response of the system to some initial space anisotropy and provides information on the properties of the QGP and its expansion. As in heavy ion (AA) collisions at high energies of RHIC and LHC, “flow-like” effects are hinted at Beam Energy Scan (BES) low energies. Very recently, unexpected “flow-like features” have also been observed in small systems like proton-proton (pp). In this thesis, I try to answer the following question: Is there a “collectively expanding plasma” in all systems : big (PbPb) or small (pp), from BES low energies to LHC higher energies? EPOS is an event generator dedicated to the study of proton-proton and heavy ion collisions. I analyze anisotropic flow with EPOS for all kind of systems (pp, AA), energies (LHC, RHIC, BES), and all kinds of flow “probes”. To perform my analysis, I developped a framework that can already be easily used, independently of further EPOS's developments. This fact is very important, because results of this analysis will impact incoming updates of the model at little system sizes and low energies.

Molecular dynamics simulations can provide atomistic details of the dynamics of proteins over timescales in the range of pico to micro seconds, and is therefore complementary to experimental structural techniques such as X-ray crystallography, which only provides static information, and Nuclear Magnetic resonance (NMR), which does not provide fully atomistic detail. In this work atomistic molecular dynamics simulation has been used to investigate the electromechanical properties of three structurally distinct proteins, and has revealed that the conformational changes that occur are strongly dependent on the secondary structure of the protein. These calculations are of relevance to the many in vitro and in vivo situations where strong electric fields are experienced by proteins, such as during electroporation. We have also applied this technique to investigate the effect of electric fields on different polymorphs of amyloid-like fibrils with different lengths, to assess their suitability for nanotechnological applications such as bio-nanowires. This study has shown that structural resilience of the amyloid-like fibrils against unfolding by the electric fields is mainly dependent on their permanent dipole moment. Finally, we have also investigated the binding affinity of a potential chemotherapeutic drug to variants of cytochrome c, which is a known activator of the drug during its metabolism in the cell. This study has demonstrated that the presence or absence of hydration in the active site of the protein-drug complex may be important in determining the bioactivity of the drug. These diverse applications of atomistic molecular dynamics demonstrate its usefulness in both biotechnology and biomedicine.

The research described in this thesis can be broadly described by term "statistical analysis of mass spectrometry data". Bioinformatics is a new science which attempts to amalgamate statistical methodology with bring statistical thinking and the biological understanding to area which have previously been void of such. Mass spectrometry which is used to study proteins and their functions, is a relatively new field of bioinformatics research. In this thesis we explore three main themes, all of which tackle a different statistical learning method which arises in mass spectrometry. The main focus of the first theme of the research is on using statistical methods to study fragmentation patterns of mass spectrometry experiments. The analysis contained in this theme has been loosely split into parts: firstly, we calculate a probability of a process called cleavage as part of our preliminary analysis to determine which combination of fragmentation site residues were likely to break. In part two, we apply statistical models to investigate factors influencing the relative intensity of fragment ions formed in tandem mass spectrometry experiments. Separate models were formulated for different types of ions as it was thought that different factors may influence the formation of each type of fragment ion. Statistical regression methods are applied to two types of datasets of mass spectra data: tryptic and nontryptic peptide sequences. We find that several factors have a highly significant influence on the relative intensity of fragment ions formed in the experiment.