This study describes the technique and procedures used for the simultaneous determination of elements involved in Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis, applied to some geological samples as a sensitive and non-destructive tool. Using Isotopic Neutron Source, the delayed gamma-rays emitted due to neutron capture have been applied for the investigation of the elemental constituents and concentrations of major, minor and trace elements in such samples. The experimental investigations were carried out at the scale of researcher's practices at the chosen site by measuring soil/rock nutrient contents from hydrologically isolated farmland/site plots. Using detailed sampling procedures with special precautions, against contaminations, to yield meaningful results, soil/rock samples have been collected from selected areas of East Gojjam, pulverized, homogenized and prepared for irradiation. The samples were properly prepared together with known standards of potassium iodide or cupric sulphate or arsenic trioxide (one /or both at a time), and simultaneously irradiated in to isotopic neutron ux in the same irradiation position. After activation, the samples were subjected to gamma-ray spectrometry, using a high-purity germanium detection system and computerized multichannel analyzer. The gamma-ray spectra from the irradiated samples were measured by high resolution gamma-ray spectrometry with a calibrated germanium detector. Both qualitative and quantitative approach to data collection and analysis were used in order to gain insight into what should be acceptable to the community. The results obtained have a practical interest in view of possible applications to the technology of extraction and exploration of a variety of industrial, metallic, cement minerals, and geothermal energy and coal deposits. These results tend to agree with the lowest values reported in the literature, and the analytical precision is su cient for the determination of the standard deviation of the distribution of all elements in East Gojjam and these results were brie y discussed within the text of this research work. In carrying out the analysis, the best and most convenient method being the Instrumental and /non-destructive Neutron Activation Analysis was adopted, and NAA has matured and attained analytical competence providing not only rapid, quantitative, qualitative, simultaneous, multi􀀀element analysis but also crucial validation support to programmes using di erent analytical techniques. This method of analysis is generally multi-element and experimental conditions can be designed to be non􀀀destructive to the sample, and it plays a leading role among analytical techniques in the eld of environmental research related to human, animal and plant health. Studies of di erent radionuclide and trace elements in the environmental samples are very important for health physics, research and education. Many forms of elements are possible in environmental samples which may be hazardous for human being, animals and also plants. Most of them have the potential for both benefcial and harmful effects / Environmental Sciences / D. Phil. (Environmental Science)

La préservation de la biodiversité est un enjeu prioritaire, identifié aussi bien au niveau national qu’au niveau européen et international. L’hétérogénéité spatiale des milieux naturels est l’une des composantes clefs pour l’étude de la biodiversité et permet de comprendre le fonctionnement des écosystèmes. Le bassin Méditerranéen est un hotspot de biodiversité pour lequel le lien entre biodiversité et hétérogénéité spatiale des paysages s’illustre particulièrement bien. Les milieux méditerranéens s'organisent en mosaïques hétérogènes de quatre strates verticales: le sol nu, l’herbe, les ligneux bas et les ligneux hauts. La biodiversité de ces milieux est aujourd'hui menacée par une fermeture de milieux naturels qui entraîne la disparition de certains habitats et l’homogénéisation des paysages, homogénéisation qui entraîne elle-même une augmentation des risques d’incendies.Cette thèse se propose de développer des indices caractérisant l’hétérogénéité spatiale des milieux naturels dans un contexte méditerranéen à partir d’images de télédétection à très haute résolution. Parmi les différentes méthodes permettant de caractériser l'hétérogénéité, la méthode FOTO (FOurier Based Textural Ordination) est particulièrement intéressante car elle produit de façon non supervisée un nombre limité de gradients de texture non corrélés, à partir desquels il est possible de décrire les variations continues de l’hétérogénéité spatiale, et ce, à plusieurs échelles spatiales. Ainsi le premier objectif de cette thèse est de tester le potentiel des gradients de texture issus de la méthode FOTO pour la caractérisation de l’hétérogénéité spatiale relative aux quatre strates verticales caractéristiques des milieux méditerranéens. Le deuxième objectif est de tester la sensibilité de l’approche développée à des facteurs techniques et environnementaux, afin de s’assurer de sa réplicabilité pour favoriser son utilisation dans un contexte opérationnel de suivi des milieux méditerranéens. Enfin, le dernier objectif est de valider la pertinence écologique des indices d’hétérogénéité développés à travers un cas d’application~: la caractérisation de la répartition spatiale d’espèces d’oiseaux sensibles à l’hétérogénéité de la végétation.Combinés avec un indice de végétation, le NDVI, les indices de texture issus de la méthode FOTO ont pu être interprétés en termes d'hétérogénéité spatiale et ont permis de caractériser la composition et l'organisation des quatre strates verticales étudiées. Ces indices sont influencés par la présence de surfaces anthropisées comme les cultures ainsi que par la nature de l'information radiométrique des images de télédétection utilisées, qui impacte le contraste apparent des strates de végétation. Ainsi, l'application de la méthode sur une bande panchromatique est plus sensible aux motifs liés à l'alternance de sol nu et d'herbe tandis que l'application de la méthode sur le NDVI est plus sensible aux motifs lié à l'alternance des ligneux avec la strate herbacée. Enfin, nous avons montré l’intérêt de l’approche développée pour la prédiction de plusieurs espèces d’oiseaux à fort enjeux de conservation. Les indices d’hétérogénéité ont permis de mettre en évidence des structures de la végétation particulièrement favorables à certaines espèces d’oiseaux.L'approche développée dans cette thèse est particulièrement intéressante car elle permet la production non supervisée de trois indices complémentaires caractérisant plusieurs composantes de l'hétérogénéité spatiale relatives à quatre strates. Des efforts sont encore nécessaires pour améliorer i) notre compréhension de la contribution de facteurs environnementaux et instrumentaux sur la stabilité de l'approche et ii) son automatisation en vue d'une application dans un contexte opérationnel pour la cartographie et le suivi de l'état de conservation des habitats naturels et de l'avifaune. / The preservation of biodiversity is a priority issue, both at national, European and international levels. In order to provide a better understanding of ecosystem functioning, spatial heterogeneity of natural environments is becoming one of the key components for the study of biodiversity. The Mediterranean basin is a hotspot of biodiversity for which the synergies between biodiversity and spatial heterogeneity of landscapes are particularly important. Mediterranean environments are organized into heterogeneous mosaics of four vertical strata~: bare soil, herbs, low ligneous and high ligneous. The biodiversity of these unique hotspots is now threatened by a closure of the landscape that leads to the habitat loss and landscape homogenization. The loss of heterogeneity is also leading to an increase in fire risks.This thesis aims to develop indices characterizing the spatial heterogeneity of natural landscapes in a Mediterranean context using very high spatial resolution remote sensing images. Among the various methods dedicated to the characterization of heterogeneity, the FOTO (FOurier Based Textural Ordination) method is particularly relevant because it produces uncorrelated texture gradients in an unsupervised manner, allowing continuous variations in spatial heterogeneity to be characterized at different spatial scales. Thus, the first objective of this thesis is to test the potential of texture indices derived from the FOTO method for the characterization of spatial heterogeneity relative to four vertical strata. The second objective is to test the sensitivity of our approach to technical and environmental factors, in order to ensure its replicability, and promote its use in an operational context of monitoring Mediterranean environments. Finally, based on a case study centered on the spatial distribution of bird species sensitive to vegetation heterogeneity, the last objective is oriented towards the validation of the ecological relevance of the heterogeneity indices.Combined with a vegetation index, NDVI, the texture indices derived from the FOTO method could be interpreted in terms of spatial heterogeneity and make it possible to characterize the composition and organization of the four vertical strata studied. These indices are influenced bymultiple factors, including the anthropization of landscapes showing patterns translated into surfaces such as crops, and the nature of the radiometric information of the remote sensing images processed. This pattern information impacts the apparent contrast of vegetation strata. Thus, the application of the method on a panchromatic band is more sensitive to patterns related to the alternation of bare soil and herbs while the application of the method on NDVI is more sensitive to patterns related to the alternation of ligneous strata with the herbaceous stratum. Finally, we have shown the interest of the approach developed for the prediction of several bird species with high conservation stakes. Heterogeneity indices have made it possible to highlight vegetation structures that are particularly favourable to certain bird species.The approach developed in this thesis is particularly stimulating because it allows the unsupervised production of three complementary indices characterizing several components of spatial heterogeneity related to four strata. Further efforts are needed to improve i) our understanding of the contribution of environmental and instrumental factors to the stability of the approach and ii) its automation for application in an operational context for mapping and monitoring the conservation status of natural habitats and birdlife.