Σκοπός της παρούσας μελέτης είναι η μελέτη των μη θερμικών αποτελεσμάτων της ηλεκτρομαγνητικής (ΗΜ) ακτινοβολίας στη δομή των βιομορίων χρησιμοποιώντας προσομοιώσεις μοριακής δυναμικής με το πακέτο λογισμικού GROMACS. Τα αποτελέσματα αυτών των μελετών παρουσιάζονται στα κεφάλαια 2,3,4 και όλα αντιστοιχούν σε δημοσιεύσεις σε περιοδικά με κριτές με το τελευταίο να έχει γίνει μόλις πρόσφατα δεκτό στο Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. Το κεφάλαιο 1 αποτελεί μια μικρή εισαγωγή στις αλληλεπιδράσεις ΗΜ πεδίων και έμβιας ύλης. Τα Κεφάλαια 2,3 αφορούν ένα συνθετικό πεπτίδιο, την chignolin, που αντιπροσωπεύει ένα μικρό μοντέλο πρωτεΐνης που οφείλει την σταθερότητα της δομής του στου δεσμούς υδρογόνου. Εξαρχής οι δεσμοί υδρογόνου αποτέλεσαν πιθανούς στόχους των ΗΜ αλληλεπιδράσεων στα βιομόρια λόγω της μικρής τους ισχύος αφού από τη φύση τους κατατάσσονται στις αλληλεπιδράσεις μακράς εμβέλειας. Τα αποτελέσματα υποδεικνύουν ότι δομικές αλλαγές που σχετίζονται με διάσπαση αυτών των δεσμών απαιτούν τρομακτικά ισχυρά πεδία της τάξης των 1V/nm που δεν απαντώνται στην καθημερινότητα. Αντίθετα το Κεφάλαιο 4 ασχολείται (για πρώτη φορά στη βιβλιογραφία των MD προσομοιώσεων σε βιομόρια), με τις αλληλεπιδράσεις πιο ρεαλιστικών ηλεκτρικών πεδίων της τάξης των 1000V/m με το σύστημα ιοντικό διάλυμα–βιομόριο και βασίζεται στην υπόθεση ότι τα ηλεκτρικά πεδία επηρεάζουν εύκολα τα ευκίνητα ιόντα και αυτά με τη σειρά τους την δομή των πρωτεϊνών. Ως βιομόριο επελέχθη η τριαλανίνη κυρίως λόγω των προυπαρχουσών μελετών της δομής της. Αναπάντεχα βρέθηκαν ισχυρές δομικές αλλαγές παρουσία του ηλεκτρικού πεδίου στην περίπτωση του υπερκορεσμένου διαλύματος NaF μεταξύ των κρυστάλλων NaF και του πεπτιδίου. Το εύρημα αυτό ήδη προσανατολίζει την πορεία των επόμενων μελετών μιας και πολλές παθολογίες όπως η ποδάγρα σχετίζονται με το σχηματισμό κρυσταλλικών δομών στο ανθρώπινο σώμα. / This study focuses on the non-thermal effects of electromagnetic (EM) radiation on the structure of biomolecules using molecular dynamics simulations with the software package GROMACS. Simulation results are presented in Chapters 2,3,4 and they have already been published in refereed journals with the last one recently accepted in “Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine”. Chapter 1 is a brief introduction of EM interaction with living matter. Chapters 2,3 are about chignolin, a synthetic peptide resembling a small model stable protein due to its hydrogen bonds. Initially, long-range interactions such as hydrogen bonds were potential targets of EM interactions in biomolecules. The results suggest that conformational changes associated with these destructions require tremendously strong fields of the order of 1V/nm not encountered in daily life. On the contrary, Chapter 4 deals (for the first time in the literature of MD simulations with biomolecules), with more realistic electric fields around 1000 V/m in the system biomolecule-ionic solution. The hypothesis tested was that electric fields easily affect flexible ions and then these ions induce structural changes to the proteins. To this end, trialanini was chosen a a model biomolecule, primarily due to the extensive prior knowledge of its structure. Surprisingly, strong structural changes in the presence of an external electric field were found in the case of supersaturated NaF solution between the NaF crystals and the peptide. These findings orient the course of subsequent studies because it is well known that many pathologies such as gout are associated with the formation of crystalline structures in the human body.

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The importance of monitoring, and where possible reducing, the level of radiation dose from diagnostic X-ray examinations has been recognised for many years and is becoming of increasing concern. Dose reduction is of particular concern in paediatric radiology, and there are specific problems associated with the monitoring and comparison of radiation doses to children. Any optimisation study relies on a framework of good dosimetry. Two techniques have been developed to improve the collection of patient dose data: the automation of survey techniques to increase the quantity of data collected; and a method of correcting for patient size which reduces one source of variability in the data. An optimisation strategy has been developed, consisting of theoretical simulations, experimental verification and clinical implementation. Monte Carlo techniques were used for the theoretical study, which investigated the effect of beam filtration on radiation dose and image quality for a wide range of parameters, specifically for a neonatal size phantom. Simulations included both radiography of bone in soft tissue and fluoroscopy of iodine and barium based contrast media. The results were assessed in terms of the beam spectra and the absorption and transmission characteristics of the phantom and image receptor. Experimental measurements of dose and contrast were made for a simple slab phantom corresponding to that simulated, and results showed good agreement with those predicted. A further set of experimental measurements were carried out using anthropomorphic phantoms in a clinical setting, which demonstrated how the theoretical predictions translated to clinical practice. A clinical trial of the use of a 0.1mm copper filter for fluoroscopic examinations of infants was performed, and the filter shown to give substantial dose reduction with no significant loss in image quality. Some general recommendations on dose quantities and the application of optimisation strategies to paediatric radiology have been made.

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Ionising radiation potentially produces a broad spectrum of damage in DNA including single and double strand breaks (ssb and dsb) and base damages. It has been hypothesised that sites of complex damage within cellular DNA have particular biological significance due to an associated decreased efficiency in repair. The aim of this study is to gain further understanding of the formation of complex DNA damage. Irradiations of plasmid DNA illustrate that an increase in ionising density of the radiation results in a decrease in ssb yields/Gy but an increase in dsb per ssb, indicative of an increase in the number of complex damage sites per simple isolated damage site. As the mechanism for damage formation shifts from purely indirect at low scavenging capacities to a significant proportion of direct at higher scavenging capacities the proportion of complex damage increases. Comparisons with the yields of ssb and dsb simulated by Monte-Carlo calculations for AIK USX and a-particles also indicate this correspondence. The ionisation density of low energy, secondary electrons produced by photons was assessed experimentally from the dependence of the yield of OH radicals escaping intra-track recombination on photon energy. As energy decreases the OH radical yield initially decreases reflecting an increased ionisation density. However, with further decrease in photon energy the yield of OH radicals increases in line with theoretical calculations. Base damage yields were determined for low and high ionising density radiation over a range of scavenging capacities. As scavenging capacity increases the base damage:ssb ratios increases implying a contribution from electrons to base damage. It is proposed that base damage contributes to DNA damage complexity. Complex damage analysis reveals that at cell mimetic scavenging capacities, 23% and 72% of ssb have an additional spatially close damage site following y-ray and a-particle irradiation respectively.

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