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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Modelling filler reinforcements in elastomers

Hon, Amir Adam January 2005 (has links)
No description available.
2

Numerical modelling of stretched smectic elastomer sheets : mechanical properties and microstructure

Brown, Andrew W. January 2013 (has links)
This thesis explores the non-linear elasticity of smectic-A and smectic-C liquid crystal elastomers. These materials consist of "rod-like" liquid crystal mesogens arranged in a layered phase, cross-linked into a polymer matrix. The alignment direction of the mesogens is termed the director, and in the smectic-A phase the director and layer normal are parallel, whereas in the smectic-C phase the director is tilted at an angle to the layer normal. For smectic-C elastomers deformations that rotate the director in a conical path around the layer normal are ideally perfectly soft. Realist ically non-idealities destroy perfect softness, and the resulting elasticity is termed semi-softness. The semi-soft elasticity of monodomain smectic-C elastomer is investigated starting from a model consisting of smectic layering and nematic elasticity terms, and a penalty for changing the tilt angle. A semi-soft elasticity term is then added to this energy. The elastic response to uniaxial deformation in various stretching geometries is calculated using an energy minimization routine. The stress-strain curves are diverse and depend strongly on the orientation of the layer normal, director and stretch axis. Remarkably, for an elongation parallel to the layer normal the stress• strain curve is non.monotonic, and the sample expands laterally in one direction over a range of strains. The stretching of monodomain smectic--A elastomer sheet under realistic clamping conditions is studied to examine the effects of stretching angle and sample aspect ratio on microstructure formation. Results generated by finite element analysis show that stretching parallel to the director the sample bulk forms bidirectionally buckled microstructure, with unidirectional buckling near the clamped edges. The aspect ratio significantly affects the microstructure distribution, but weakly influences the stress--strain behaviour. It is shown that existing smectic models require an additional energy term, related to the energy of deforming buckled layers or non-Gaussian effects, to reproduce the experimentally observed Poisson's ratios.
3

Upgrading rubber aggregates for use in bituminous materials

Long, Guan January 2012 (has links)
This thesis reveals a significant improvement to an approach on developing novel rubberized bituminous material for use in flexible pavements. The connections between chemistry, rheology and mechanical properties of bituminous material are discussed in this thesis. A patent technology holding by LCMT team has been applied and improved to control the swelling during the dry process of producing rubberized bituminous material. The Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared spectrum (FT-IR) and other technology has been adopted to characterize the effects of the modified patent technology. The experimental results indicated that new chemical functional groups have been generated by the improved treatment. SEM graphs of waste rubber particles before and after the treatment demonstrated that the morphological characteristics of rubber powder are apparently different. Other respective tests also confirmed the treatment's positive effects. This modified treatment has been confirmed to be a significant improvement of the stability and other relevant properties of the rubberized bituminous material, and its economical & green prospects make it a competitive rubber applying process for real construction works. On the other hand, new design of the rubberized bituminous material, in which a specific amount of hydrated lime was applied to stabilize the rubber content, has been proved to be a successful supplement to the rubberized bituminous material according to the lab tests. The future plan for further study of this project on designing and testing has been presented in the final part of the thesis as well.
4

Upgrading waste rubber aggregates using chemical waves for various industrial applications

Ateeq, Muhammad January 2012 (has links)
Waste tyres are abundantly available, and if utilised in large volumes can contribute to sustainable development and an environmentally friendly secondary aggregate option. Research in the use of waste tyre in the form of crumb rubber and powder obtained after processing, specifically for pavement engineering applications, has increased over the decades due to the engineering and mechanical properties it can bring into the pavement surfaces. These include improved durability, better service quality, and reduced noise compared to the use of tradition all primary aggregates, such as crushed rock, gravel, etc. Through years of research, the experts and researchers identified that, although, waste rubber improves the mechanical behaviour of rubberised bituminous surfaces, yet, there exist issues that need addressing. This PhD research work focuses on improving the properties of the waste tyre rubber aggregates obtained from scrap tyres for various rubberised bituminous surface applications. It identifies the issues and knowledge gap, which are related to the performance of the waste tyre aggregates in bituminous mixes and the service life of the product. However, current research has identified one of the major issues related to the interaction between the rubber and bitumen at elevated temperatures higher than 140°C. When the rubber and bitumen interacts at higher temperatures, it results in the diffusion of light fractions (maltenes, or specifically aromatic oils) from bitumen into rubber and the rubber swells by 3-5 times its original volume. The bitumen becomes hard and brittle due to the lower percentage of light fractions left compared to the heavy fractions and the rubber loses its bonding in the bituminous mixes due to the swelling which leads to breaking of the bonding and subsequently short service life of rubberised pavements. This research focuses specifically on the reduction in the absorption properties of waste rubber after its interaction with bitumen to produce highly durable material.
5

Modelling the rheological behaviour of elastomers and elastomer compounds

Singh, Mohinder January 1990 (has links)
The purpose of this research project is to model the rheological behaviour of elastomers and elastomer compounds. Two elastomers (natural rubber, SMR 20 and chlorosulphonated polyethylene, Hypalon 40) and three different grades of carbon black at three different levels of loading were chosen for this study. Mixing was carried out with a Farrel Bridge BR Banbury mixer, followed by subsequent milling on a two-roll mill. Rheological measurements were made with parallel plate, cone and plate and Negretti biconical rotor TMS rheometers . . The effect of temperature on viscosity was investigated by determining the activation energy of viscous flow in terms of concentration and surface area of carbon black. Computer programs were developed to evaluate various parameters in the models by non-linear optimisation technique. The steady state flow behaviour of gum elastomers was fitted by the Bird-Carreau model and a thixotropic model. The thixotropic model was modified to non- Newtonian flow but proved to be intractable for fitting the rheological properties of mixed rubber compounds. Two new models for the viscosity and stress relaxation of filled compounds were then developed, which give very promising results.
6

Phase separation in thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers : a structure-property investigation

Bryant, Richard January 2005 (has links)
The effect of soft segment, isocyanate and chain extender chemical structure on the physical and mechanical properties of thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers was systematically investigated. Several series of materials were produced with identical stoichiometry and under the same reaction conditions. The raw materials used to synthesise these materials were systematically altered to facilitate comment on the influence of molecular weight, cohesive energy density (CED) and molecular geometry on the phase separation phenomena observed in polyurethane elastomers.
7

Etude et mise en œuvre par extrusion filage de multifilaments synthétiques polyoléfiniques à propriétés élastomères / Study of synthetic multifilaments with elastomeric properties processed by melt spinning

Moratinos, Xabi 05 October 2015 (has links)
Cette étude porte sur la production et la caractérisation de fils élastomères à base de polypropylène (PP) et d’élastomères thermoplastiques (TPE). L’étude du filage par voie fondue des polymères sous forme de mélanges montre une relation entre les propriétés des fibres et la morphologie du mélange. Les propriétés élastiques ne sont améliorées qu’avec le changement de morphologie, et le passage à une matrice TPE majoritaire. Les mélanges filés avec un taux de TPE élevé (80 et 90%m) montrent un changement de structure cristalline du TPE, qui augmente la récupération élastique. L’étude du filage sous forme de structure bicomposante cœur/gaine (C/G), où le TPE est introduit dans le cœur de la fibre et le PP en gaine, montre l’influence du rapport massique C/G sur les propriétés mécaniques des multifilaments. Les propriétés élastiques ne sont pas améliorées pour les différents rapports massiques C/G étudiés, en raison du comportement plastique de la gaine. Le meilleur compromis en termes de propriétés et de mise en œuvre est obtenu avec une structure hybride. Le multifilament mis en œuvre est un fil bicomposant C/G, mais avec un mélange TPE/PP en gaine et le TPE vierge en cœur. Les résultats montrent toujours une diminution des propriétés mécaniques avec l’augmentation du rapport massique C/G, mais une amélioration de la récupération élastique est observée. Pour des taux de TPE équivalents, les propriétés de la structure hybride sont supérieures à celles déterminées pour les mélanges sous forme de fibres monocomposantes. Pour finir des essais de texturation et de tissage démontrent une possible utilisation de ces multifilaments dans des procédés de transformation textile. / The aim of this work is the study of elastomeric fibers processed by melt spinning of polypropylene (PP) and thermoplastic elastomers (TPE). Multifilaments produced by a melt spinning process of polymers blend show a relationship between fiber properties and their morphology. Elastic properties are enhanced only when the majority phase is TPE. Yarns melt spun from blends with high TPE rates (80 and 90 wt.%) show a transition of the crystal structure from pseudo hexagonal to orthorhombic with the increase of drawing ratio applied which improve elastic recovery. Melt spinning of core/sheath (C/S) bicomponent fibers is performed using TPE as the core and PP as the sheath. The study reveals a decrease in mechanical properties with increasing the C/S ratio, and elastic properties are not modified for the different C/S ratios studied. This behavior can be explained by the plastic deformation of the polypropylene sheath. In order to improve processability and properties, melt spinning of core-sheath bicomponent fibers with different C/S ratios is performed using EOC and polypropylene blends as the sheath and pure EOC as the core. The results still show a decrease in mechanical properties with the increase in the C/S ratio, but elastic properties are enhanced. For the same TPE content, elastic recovery and mechanical properties are higher for hybrid fiber than for blend melt spun as monocomponent fibers. Finally texturing and weaving tests prove a possible use of the multifilaments in textile processes.
8

Couplage thermo-mécanique et auto-échauffement en fatigue des élastomères renforcés / Thermo-mechanical coupling and heat build-up of filled rubbers under fatigue

Ovalle Rodas, Cristian 01 December 2014 (has links)
Ce travail de thèse est une contribution à l’étude du couplage thermo-mécanique et de l’auto-échauffement en fatigue des élastomères renforcés. Dans une première partie, un modèle thermo-élastique physiquement fondé est développé pour décrire la réponse relaxée des élastomères renforcés en grandes transformations. Les effets de la température et du taux de renforts, étudiés expérimentalement sur un SBR renforcé, sont inclus dans la modélisation. Une méthode hybride expérimentale-éléments finis est proposée afin de déterminer simultanément la réponse thermo-mécanique locale et les paramètres du modèle. Les capacités prédictives du modèle proposé sont évaluées par des comparaisons à des simulations micromécaniques.Dans une seconde partie, un modèle thermo-visco-élastique physiquement fondé est développé, et implémenté dans un code de calculs par éléments finis, pour décrire l’auto-échauffement en fatigue des élastomères en grandes transformations. Les comparaisons entre le modèle proposé et les données expérimentales (en termes de réponse mécanique et d’évolution de température) obtenues sur un SBR renforcé, contenant un taux de renforts fixe, mettent en évidence les capacités prédictives de l’approche sur différentes conditions de chargement, en termes de vitesse et de déformation. Enfin, le modèle proposé est étendu pour prendre en compte l’effet du taux de renforts sur l’auto-échauffement. Après identification des paramètres sur un SBR renforcé avec un taux de renforts fixe, les capacités prédictives du modèle sont évaluées sur des SBR renforcés à différents taux de renforts et conditions de chargement. / This PhD dissertation deals with the thermo-mechanical coupling and the heat build-up of filled rubbers under fatigue. In a first part, a physically-based thermo-elastic model is developed to describe the large strain relaxed response of filled rubbers. The temperature and filler effects, experimentally observed on a filled SBR, are included in the modeling. A hybrid experimental-finite element method is proposed to determine simultaneously the local thermo-mechanical response and the model parameters. The predictive capabilities of the proposed model are examined by comparisons to micromechanical simulations. In a second part, a physically-based thermo-visco-elastic model is developed, and implemented into a finite element code, to describe the heat build-up of rubbers under large strain fatigue. Comparisons between the proposed model and the experimental data (in terms of mechanical response and temperature evolution) obtained on a filled SBR, containing a given filler content, point out the predictive capabilities of the approach on different loading conditions, in terms of strain rate and deformation. Finally, the proposed model is extended to account for the filler content effect on the heat build-up. After identification of the parameters on a filled SBR with a given filler content, the predictive capabilities of the model are evaluated on filled SBR with different filler contents and loading conditions.
9

Réponse thermo-mécanique des élastomères sous chargement cyclique : modélisation constitutive et expérience / Thermo-mechanical response of rubbers under cyclic loading : constitutive modeling and experiments

Guo, Qiang 18 January 2019 (has links)
Les caoutchoucs utilisés dans les applications d’ingénierie sont souvent sollicités cycliquement et présentent une réponse thermomécanique complexe dépendante du temps. Établir le couplage entre les différents phénomènes inélastiques, apparaissant généralement ensemble au cours de l’historique du chargement cyclique, est une question ouverte à résoudre. Cette thèse est dédiée à la formulation et à la vérification expérimentale de modèles de comportement thermomécaniques pour les caoutchoucs. Le mémoire de thèse est divisé en deux parties. La première partie est axée sur les caoutchoucs renforcés par du noir de carbone. Les effets du pré-étirement et de la teneur en noir de carbone sur la réponse cyclique d'un caoutchouc synthétique représentatif (SBR) sont analysés qualitativement et quantitativement à l'aide de la théorie des variables internes. Une interprétation des mécanismes physiques sous-jacents est proposée dans laquelle deux types de réarrangements dissipatifs du réseau de chaînes sont considérés, à savoir les réarrangements recouvrables induisant une viscoélasticité et les réarrangements non recouvrables induisant un endommagement. Afin de prédire l'ensemble des principaux effets inélastiques (l’adoucissement de la contrainte induit par la fatigue et l’hystérésis ainsi que la dissipation thermique), nous avons formulé un nouveau modèle constitutif thermo-viscoélastique endommageable basé sur la théorie des variables internes. Le modèle constitutif proposé est implémenté dans un code éléments finis et des applications numériques sur des structures en caoutchouc sont effectuées. Les capacités prédictives du modèle sont vérifiées par des comparaisons avec nos observations expérimentales. La seconde partie est consacrée aux caoutchoucs cristallisables par étirement. Nous avons développé un nouveau modèle physiquement fondé inspiré du micro-mécanisme pour décrire l'évolution progressive du degré de cristallinité dans les caoutchoucs et leur réponse thermomécanique dépendante du temps dans le contexte de la thermodynamique des processus irréversibles. Dans ce modèle, la configuration moléculaire d’une chaîne partiellement cristallisée est analysée et calculée au moyen de certaines méthodes mécaniques statistiques. Notre approche est implémentée dans le modèle micro-sphère dans le but d'introduire l'anisotropie et la dissipation induites par la cristallisation d’un réseau de chaînes. Le modèle constitutif proposé est ensuite utilisé pour discuter certains aspects importants du micro-mécanisme et de la réponse macroscopique à l'état d'équilibre et à l'état non équilibré pendant l'étirement/la recouvrance/la relaxation continue. Les simulations du modèle sont également comparées aux données expérimentales à différents niveaux d'étirement et à différentes températures. Les champs locaux en termes d'anisotropie et de dissipation sont présentés à l'aide d'exemples numériques. / Establishing the coupling between the different inelastic phenomena, usually appearing together during the cyclic loading history, is an open issue to be addressed. The Phd report is divided into two parts. The first part is focused on filled rubbers. The effects of pre-stretch and filler content on the history-dependent cyclic response of a representative carbon-filled synthetic rubber (SBR) are qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by using the internal state variable theory. An interpretation of the underlying physical mechanisms is proposed in which two types of dissipative network rearrangements are considered, i.e. recoverable rearrangements inducing viscoelasticity and unrecoverable rearrangements inducing damage. In order to predict the main set of inelastic fatigue effects (fatigue-induced stress-softening and hysteresis along with dissipative heating), we formulate a new thermo-viscoelastic-damage constitutive model based on the internal state variable theory. The proposed constitutive model is implemented into a finite element program and numerical applications on rubber structures are performed. The predictive capabilities of the model are verified by comparisons with our experimental observations. The second part is focused on stretch-induced crystallizable rubbers. We develop a new micro-mechanism inspired molecular chain model to describe the progressive evolution of the crystallinity degree in rubbers and the history-dependent thermo-mechanical response within the context of the thermodynamic framework. In this model, the molecular configuration of the partially crystallized single chain is analyzed and calculated by means of some statistical mechanical methods. Our approach is implemented into the micro-sphere model in the aim to introduce the crystallization-induced anisotropy and dissipation. The proposed constitutive model is then used to discuss some important aspects of the micro-mechanism and the macro-response under the equilibrium state and the non-equilibrium state involved during stretching/recovery/continuous relaxation. The model simulations are also compared to experimental data at different stretch levels and temperatures. Local fields in terms of anisotropy and dissipation are presented on illustrative numerical examples.
10

Non-linear numerical homogenization : application to elasto-plastic materials / Homogénéisation numérique non-linéaire : application aux matériaux élasto-plastiques

Khdir, Younis Khalid 23 May 2014 (has links)
Ce travail de thèse se veut une contribution à l’homogénéisation numérique des milieux élasto-plastiques hétérogènes aléatoires via des calculs sur des grands volumes. La thèse comporte deux parties principales. La première est dédiée à la réponse élasto-plastique macroscopique des composites, à distribution aléatoire de la seconde phase, sollicités en traction uniaxiale. La deuxième est focalisée sur la réponse macroscopique à la limite d’écoulement des milieux poreux aléatoires sur une large gamme de triaxialités. Dans la première partie, nous décrivons une méthode d’homogénéisation numérique pour estimer la réponse élasto-plastique macroscopique de milieux composites aléatoires à deux phases. La méthode est basée sur des simulations éléments finis utilisant des cellules cubiques tridimensionnelles de différentes tailles mais plus petites que le volume élémentaire représentatif de la microstructure. Dans une seconde partie, nous décrivons une étude d’homogénéisation numérique par éléments finis sur des cellules cubiques tridimensionnelles afin de prédire la surface d’écoulement macroscopique de milieux poreux aléatoires contenant une ou deux populations de vides. La représentativité des résultats est examinée en utilisant des cellules cubiques contenant des vides sphéroïdales, répartis et orientés aléatoirement. Les résultats numériques sont comparés à des critères d’écoulement existants de type Gurson. / This PhD dissertation deals with the numerical homogenization of heterogeneous elastic-plastic random media via large volume computations. The dissertation is presented in two main parts. The first part is dedicated to the effective elastic-plastic response of random two-phase composites stretched under uniaxial loading. The second part is focused on the effective yield response of random porous media over a wide range of stress triaxialities. In the first part, we describe a computational homogenization methodology to estimate the effective elastic-plastic response of random two-phase composite media. The method is based on finite element simulations using three-dimensional cubic cells of different size but smaller than the deterministic representative volume element of the microstructure. In the second part, we describe using the finite element method a computational homogenization study of three-dimensional cubic cells in order to estimate the effective yield surface of random porous media containing one or two populations of voids. The representativity of the overall yield surface estimates is examined using cubic cells containing randomly distributed and oriented spheroidal voids. The computational results are compared with some existing Gurson-type yield criteria.

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