Abstract SWAP-70 originally identified as a signaling protein exclusively expressed in B-cells has been recently described in other cells of the hematopoietic system, such as mast cells and dendritic cells. Here we describe a novel role of SWAP-70 in hematopoiesis, specifically in regulation of erythropoiesis. SWAP-70 protein expression is detected at the stage of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC). Its expression persists throughout several stages of multipotent and myeloid progenitors. In erythroid development SWAP-70 is found from early committed to erythroid lineage precursors, burst-forming unit erythroid (BFU-E) and colony-forming unit erythroid (CFU-E); however its expression declines with erythroid maturation and it is lastly detectable at the basophilic erythroblast stage. The protein’s deficiency leads to 3-fold increase in HSC numbers in the bone marrow (BM). The lack of SWAP-70 does not affect intermediate myeloid progenitors and the first erythroid committed progenitor, BFU-E. Hematopoietic tissues (BM and spleen) of Swap-70-/- mice carry 2-times less CFU-Es, thus SWAP-70 appears to be important at this stage. Swap-70-/- mice have the same frequencies of later erythroid progenitors, Ter-119+ erythroblasts, in the BM but fewer in the spleen. BM and splenic Ter-119+ erythroid Swap-70-/- compartment (basophilic, polychromatic and orthochromatic erythroblasts) exhibit an altered profile that is characterized by the delayed maturation of cells at the polychromatic stage. SWAP-70 deficiency is not critical for steady state erythropoiesis and does not influence blood homeostasis. Yet SWAP-70 is essential for proper stress response in conditions of anemia. Swap-70-/- mice have normal steady state hematocrite level but fail to restore it after induced anemia, thus showing sluggish blunted response to erythropoietic stress. In resting conditions Swap-70-/- early erythroid progenitors (CFU-Es) exhibit aberrant preactivation of the integrin VLA-4, which supports homotypic and heterotypic interaction within the erythroid niche, and are hyperadhesive to fibronectin. Similarly, Swap-70-/- basophilic erythroblasts are hyperadhesive to splenic tissue. Based on our data and our initial observations we propose a novel function of SWAP-70 in the c-kit signaling pathway and integrin-mediated, i.e. VLA-4, interactions that are important for HSC and erythroid progenitor maintanence and differentiation. Better understanding of mechanisms governing red blood cell development and homeostasis is of high relevance in the context of treatment of anemia, a very common blood disorder, which leads to a wide range of clinical complications and is the most common cancer-associated morbidity.

Jamtli, friluftsmuseet i Östersund ska utveckla ett nytt område som ska spegla det moderna samhället, i form av ett 70-talsområde. Mitt intresse för historiska trädgårdar gjorde att jag för mitt examensarbete har valt att göra ett förslag till Jamtlis 70-talsområdes villaträdgård. Mitt syfte med arbetet är att utforma ett förslag som ska passa ihop med huset, den tänkta familjen samt återge och förmedla den historiska känslan till museets besökare. Jag har för att kunna utforma detta förslag studerat vad som kännetecknar 70-talsträdgårdar både genom litteratur och fältstudier. Jag har tagit hänsyn till platsens förutsättningar och beställarens önskemål. 70-talets trädgård kännetecknades bl. a. av att det skulle vara lättskött. Detta gjorde att barrväxter, och buskplanteringar var populära då det var mer lättskötta än perenner. Gräsmattan hade en central roll. Avgränsningar mot grannar skulle vara låga och man använde sig av lågvuxna friväxande buskar. Det var viktigt med kontakt mellan ute och inne och uteplatsen låg i markplan. Barnen tilläts ta plats. Man tyckte om klara färger som orange och ansåg att brunt stod sig bra mot grönska. Asfalt och betongplattor var populära markbeläggningar. Jag har beskrivit hur jag gått tillväga för att komma fram till mitt förslag som presenteras genom ritningar som steg för steg beskriver processen. Detta har till slut resulterat i en illustrationsplan och planteringsplan med växtförteckning.

We estimate reference CO₂ emission projections in the European Union, and quantify the economic impacts of the Kyoto commitment on Member States. We consider the case where each EU member individually meets a CO₂ emissions target, applying a country-wide cap and trade system to meet the target but without trade among countries. We use a version of the MIT Emissions Prediction and Policy Analysis (EPPA) model, here disaggregated to separately include 9 European Community countries and commercial and household transportation sectors. We compare our results with that of four energy-economic models that have provided detailed analyses of European climate change policy. In the absence of specific additional climate policy measures, the EPPA reference projections of carbon emissions increase by 14% from 1990 levels. The EU-wide target under the Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change is a reduction in emissions to 8% below 1990 levels. EPPA emissions projections are similar to other recent modeling results but there are underlying differences in energy and carbon intensities among the projections. If EU countries were to individually meet the EU allocation of the Community-wide carbon cap specified in the Kyoto Protocol, we find using EPPA that carbon prices vary from $91 in the United Kingdom to $385 in Denmark; welfare costs range from 0.6 to 5%. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 30-32). / Abstract in HTML and technical report in PDF available on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change website (http://mit.edu/globalchange/www/) / Supported in part by the Institut Français de l'Energie

Thesis--Wisconsin. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 398-405).

N.G. Parke, III. / "June 30, 1948." / Includes bibliographical references. / Army Signal Corps Contract No. W-36-039 sc-32037.

Syftet med min uppsats är att jämföra religiösa företeelser från tre av Stevie Wonders album med New Age för att på så sätt uttröna om Stevie Wonders texter påverkats av New Age- föreställningar. Jag hittar både skillnader och likheter när jag jämför det religiösa budskapet i Stevie Wonders texter med New Age. De New Age- företeelser som går att hitta i texterna är få i förhållande till New Age i sin helhet och det är svårt att avgöra vilka influenser som kommer ifrån Stevie Wonder, New Age eller den omgivande motståndsrörelsen. Det finns dock, enligt mig, absolut en koppling.

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In the late 20th century the Soviet Union collapsed and the eastern European countries were freed from the communist Russian oppression. However, during the Soviet period Marxism was a recurring life stance in the Swedish textbooks for religious education in the gymnasieskola. Today the Soviet Union has collapsed, but the Marxist philosophy has had a huge effect on both single individuals and the modern society as a whole. Nonetheless, the Marxist life stance is nowadays often being replaced by other non- religious life stances in the textbooks of religious education. Therefore, this analysis is a hermeneutic study of the presentation of the Marxist life stance in textbooks for Swedish religious education. The purpose of the paper is to investigate how these textbooks portray the Marxist life stance, and to prove that the societal context and the individual author have an immense effect in the portrayal of both religions and life stances in religious education. The material used in the study spans between the Swedish curriculum Lgy 70, which extends between the years 1970-1994. The results of the study show, as predicted, that the societal context and the individual authors has had an immense effect on the portrayal of the Marxist idea of thought. This is revealed because the portrayal of the Marxist life stance differs a great deal throughout the span of Lgy 70. The large difference in theses presentations displays that the curriculum has some effect in some of the Marxist concepts, but it does not effect the overall presentation of the Marxist life stance.

The chemical industry of today is under increased pressure to develop novel green materials, bio-fuels as well as sustainable chemicals for the chemical industry. Indeed, the endeavour is to move towards more eco-friendly cost efficient production processes and technologies and chemical transformation of renewables has a central role considering the future sustainable supply of chemicals and energy needed for societies. In the Nordic countries, the importance of pulping and paper industry has been particularly pronounced and the declining European demand on these products as a result of our digitalizing world has forced the industry to look at alternative sources of revenue and profitability. In this thesis, the production of levulinic and formic acid from biomass and macromolecules has been studied. Further, the optimum reaction conditions as well as the influence of the catalyst and biomass type were also discussed. Nordic sulphite and sulphate (Kraft) cellulose originating from two Nordic pulp mills were used as raw materials in the catalytic synthesis of green platform chemicals, levulinic and formic acids, respectively. The catalyst of choice used in this study was a macro-porous, cationic ion-exchange resin, Amberlyst 70, for which the optimal reaction conditions leading to best yields were determined. Cellulose from Nordic pulp mills were used as raw materials in the catalytic one-pot synthesis of ‘green’ levulinic and formic acid. The kinetic experiments were performed in a temperature range of 150–200 °C and an initial substrate concentration regime ranging from 0.7 to 6.0 wt %. It was concluded that the most important parameters in the one-pot hydrolysis of biomass were the reaction temperature, initial reactant concentration, acid type as well as the raw material applied. The reaction route includes dehydration of glucose to hydroxymethylfurfural as well as its further rehydration to formic and levulinic acids. The theoretical maximum yield can hardly be obtained due to formation of humins. For this system, maximum yields of 59 mol % and 68 mol % were obtained for formic and levulinic acid, respectively. The maximum yields were separately obtained in a straight-forward conversion system only containing cellulose, water and the heterogeneous catalyst. These yields were achieved at a reaction temperature of 180 °C and an initial cellulose intake of 0.7 wt % and belong to the upper range for solid catalysts so far presented in the literature. The reaction network of the various chemical species involved was investigated and a simple mechanistic approach involving first order reaction kinetics was developed. The concept introduces a one-pot procedure providing a feasible route to green platform chemicals obtained via conversion of coniferous soft wood pulp to levulinic and formic acids, respectively. The model was able to describe the behaviour of the system in a satisfactory manner (degree of explanation 97.8 %). Since the solid catalyst proved to exhibit good mechanical strength under the experimental conditions applied here and a one-pot procedure providing a route to green platform chemicals was developed. A simplified reaction network of the various chemical species involved was investigated and a mechanistic approach involving first order reaction kinetics was developed.

One of the notable features of JM Coetzee's work is the portrayal in his novels, particularly in his 1999 Booker Prize-winning novel, Disgrace, of worlds that often seem bleak and bereft of redemption. In this dissertation I will argue that there is a resonance in Coetzee's writing that goes beyond the political and historical and that adds another dimension to his work. The focus of my dissertation will be an attempt to account for this other 'dimension' within the broader socio-political-historical nexus that informs much of his work. I will argue that this other dimension represents an ongoing conccrn with the questions of redemption and salvation, particularly as they are manifested in his latcr works, Disgrace and Elizabeth Costello. These concerns, however, are not just a consequence of Coetzee's evolving thought. As I will show, they are present in his earlier texts as well. To this end, I will consider the ways in which the themes of redemption and salvation, in the specifically religious and Christian sense of these words, also resonate in In the Heart of the Country (1977) and Life and Times of Michael K (1983).