This thesis sheds new light on the origins and significance of ‘compositional inversion’ in sixteenth-century Netherlandish art. Taking Pieter Bruegel’s inverted religious narratives as primary examples of a wider phenomenon, it seeks to account for the seemingly paradoxical method of narrative obfuscation evident in these works. It does so by situating them in art theoretical, iconographic, social, political and spiritual contexts. Chapter 1 turns to the art theories of Karel van Mander, contained in the first book of Het Schilder-Boeck (1604): ‘Den Grondt … ’. Here I suggest that Bruegel’s inverted compositions exemplify an entire tradition in Netherlandish history painting – the ‘historien’ – that van Mander retroactively theorised in ‘Den Grondt’. According to his theoretical position, Netherlandish inverted ‘historien’ derive their efficacy precisely because they obscure narrative, for by doing so they ‘entangle’ the beholder’s ‘insatiable eyes’ and so encourage sustained interest in the story. Chapter 2 then examines the visual tradition in Netherlandish art that inspired Bruegel’s inverted narratives, and concludes that these works possess a distinctive formal ‘Netherlandishness’ and as such they offer fertile territory for examining Bruegel’s “vernacularity”. Finally, in Chapter 3, I argue that compositional inversion evolved as a visual counterpart to contemporary biblical exegeses, specifically Erasmus’s.

This study scrutinizes the mothering experiences of professional women living in istanbul. It is about class based mothering experiences of professional women, who are being influenced from both mothering and professionalisation ideology. It analyses many different aspects of mothering experience starting from the pregnancy period to the decision making about the socialization of children through their relation with the changing understanding of control on mothering experience. It is argued that professional understanding of mothering necessitates being successful and this necessity is supported by the mothering ideology assigning women as the primary responsible parent from child caring. Professional women, who have been considered as advantageous because of both their class positioning and professional role in the labor market, continue to experience the burden of the gendered structure of parenting. On the other hand, they have an active role in the reproduction of gender and class based structure.

The main purpose of the study was to investigate whether illness-related factors predict marital adjustment in parents of children with cancer. The sample consisted of parents of hospitalized children, parents of children receiving outpatient treatment, and parents who brought their children for their routine controls ith a total of 105 mothers and fathers. The data were gathered by administering the Dyadic Adjustment Scale and Demographic, Illness- and Caregiver- Related Information form. Findings suggested that number of previous hospitalizations and support from spouse predict marital adjustment in parents of children with cancer. However, when the subscales were analyzed seperately, different predictors emerged. Number of previous hospitalizations predicted Dyadic Consensus, relapse and support from spouse predicted Dyadic Satisfaction, and currently receiving treatment and support from spouse predicted Dyadic Cohesion. No predictors for affectional Expression could be found. When only the parents of children currently receiving treatment are selected for analysis, the predictors do not change for Dyadic Satisfaction. However for Dyadic Cohesion, both parents as caregivers emerges as a predictor along with support from spouse. Single variables correlate significantly with the DAS Score, Dyadic Consensus and Affectional Expression. They are support from spouse for the DAS Score and Dyadic Consensus, and length of marriage for Affectional Expression.

Recent studies show that actively involved fathers have positive effects on the development of children. If we consider the family as a whole unit which consists of mother, father and children, we should support the fathers to make them actively involved in their children&amp / #8217 / s life. Unfortunately, both in the world and in our country there is lack of programs which are designed specifically for fathers. The aim of this study is twofold, first is to create an example of father involvement training for fathers of preschool children and second is to investigate the effects of father involvement training on the involvement level and perceptions of fathering role. The subjects of this study were from O.D.T.&Uuml / preschool and kindergarten, which is located in the university campus. Twenty fathers, ten for experimental, ten for control group participated in the study. The experimental design was used, in which 2 groups were compared on pretest and posttest measures by using the Father Involvement Test and the Role of The Father Questionnaire. The experimental group was given a 6 week involvement training. In order to explore who do the activities about childrearing, descriptive statistics were used. In order to explore the differences between two groups, nonparametric statistics, Mann Whitney U test and Wilcoxon tests were used. The results revealed that there was significant differences between posttest Role of The Father Questionnaire scores of subjects in experimental and control group conditions. Moreover, according to evaluations that were done at the end of the training, it could be stated that the program contribted positively to the communication between fathers and children.

The current study aims to increase understanding of influences on and consequences of self-regulation in adolescence. Previous work has shown that higher levels of self-regulation are associated with greater social competence and lower levels problem behaviors. Past studies have posited that parenting and interparental conflict are linked to self-regulation and adjustment in childhood and adolescence. However, the mechanism underlying the potential effects of specific parental behaviors and interparental conflict on self-regulation and their unique effects on adjustment have been largely unexamined. It was hypothesized that parental psychological and behavioral control and interparental conflict would be indirectly associated with adolescent outcomes via self-regulation abilities. Besides, differential impacts of parental controlling behaviors on self-regulation were also explored. The study involved a sample of 300 students in the 6th and 7th grades and their mothers. Students completed self-report questionnaires on parental control behaviors, self-regulation abilities, and academic self-concept. Furthermore, mothers completed questionnaires including parental control, interparental conflict, self-regulation abilities of adolescents, and adolescent adjustment (i.e., hyperactivation/inattention, emotional, and prosocial behaviors). The mediational hypothesis was largely supported. Results suggested that perceived parental psychological control and interparental conflict predicted low levels of self-regulation and in turn, this predicted adolescent adjustment. Parental behavioral control predicted self-regulation abilities in adolescent-reported model only. As predicted, different parental psychological control dimensions had divergent impact on adolescent outcomes. Specifically, love withdrawal/irrespective parenting was associated with the highest adolescent adjustment. Results also showed that the interplay between paternal guilt induction/erratic emotional behaviors and monitoring was significant in predicting prosocial behaviors and perseverance of adolescents. Similarly, the significant interaction between maternal love withdrawal/irrespective and knowledge suggested that high maternal withdrawal combined with high parental knowledge may result in hyperactivation/inattention problems among early adolescents. Finally, two U-shaped curvilinear relationships were found between psychological control and adjustment variables. Accordingly, the relationship between paternal guilt induction/erratic emotional behaviors and low perseverance/monitoring / and maternal love withdrawal/irrespective and Turkish academic self-concept had curvilinear relationship. Theoretical, methodological, cultural, and practical implications of the findings were discussed considering previous literature.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the predictive power of some demographic variables and ways of coping, social support and perceived stress level in predicting burnout and posttraumatic growth levels of parents who have a child with autism. Data was collected by administering a socio-demographic form and four self-report questionnaires. These were the Questionnaire on Resources and Stress Short Form (QRS), Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), Ways of Coping Inventory (WCI), and Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). 136 adults representing 58 parent couples and 13 mothers and 7 fathers, with 71 mothers and 65 fathers who had a child with autism participated in this study. Data was collected in &Ouml / zel ilgi Special Education School, BariS Special Education School, Ankara University Center of Research for Children with Autism (O&Ccedil / EM), Bagcilar School for Children with Autism and Hacettepe University Child Psychiatry Clinic. The factor analysis of the MBI yielded two of the three factors of the original factor structure. The depersonalization factor was not found in this sample. It was found that, mothers were experiencing significantly higher emotional exhaustion than the fathers. The regression analysis results revealed that social support and problem solving/optimistic coping were significant predictors of posttraumatic growth among mothers. Social support, problem solving/optimistic coping, religiosity, age, years of marriage were the significant predictors of posttraumatic growth among fathers. Stress level was the only significant predictor of burnout and emotional exhaustion among mothers. Stress level was a significant predictor of both burnout and emotional exhaustion among fathers, but helplessness/self blaming approach was also a significant predictor of paternal burnout. Social support, problem solving/optimistic approach, and stress level were significant predictors of lack of personal accomplishment among mothers. Presence of a caregiver and helplessness/self blaming approach were the significant predictors of lack of personal accomplishment among fathers. The importance of the results for clinical interventions with parents and their shortcomings were discussed within the relevant literature.

The main purpose of the present study was to explore the relationships between vertical and horizontal individualism-collectivism, religiosity and parenting styles from perspective of parents and their children. It was also aimed to examine SES related differences and the differences between mothers, fathers, and their children in terms of the study variables. In addition, the differences between authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families in terms of vertical individualism (VI), horizontal individualism (HI), vertical collectivism (VC), horizontal collectivism (HC), and religiosity were investigated. For these purposes data were collected from 230 families including mother, father, and their young adult child &ndash / in the age range of 17-25-. Three participants from each family responded to similar measurement of the study variables, namely Vertical and Horizontal Individualism-Collectivism Scale, the Measurement of the Child Rearing Styles Scale, Religiosity Scale, and Demographic Information Form. According to the results, age, family income, VI, and VC for mothers and age, VI, and religiosity for fathers were significant predictors of parental control whereas education level, HI, HC, and VC for mothers and only VC for fathers were significant predictors of parental acceptance. The regression analyses for the child sample of the study indicated that the predictors of VI are education level and perceived parental control / the predictor of HC is perceived parental acceptance / the predictors of VC are perceived parental control and acceptance / the predictor of HI is gender / and the predictors of religiosity are family income and perceived parental control. Results also showed that there were significant differences as well as similarities between all considered groups. The findings of the study were discussed in the light of the related literature.