Distributed feedback, DFB, lasers are a major source for long haul optical fibre based telecommunication systems. They rely on ultrahigh precision gratings to reduce mode competition within the laser cavity, thereby making single frequency operation possible. Techniques applied to DFB grating manufacture tend to be either holographic, or a direct serial write process using slow and expensive electron beam lithographic machines. An entirely new approach is proposed which compliments the accuracy of the electron beam systems with the high throughput and relatively low cost of a conventional contact mask regime. The new process relies on a group of materials which are able to retain an embossed relief upon curing with ultraviolet radiation. The main manufacturing stages of this new technique are presented including details of the embossing tool fabrication using reactive ion etching, and characterisation of material properties. It is proposed that the technique, whilst intended for DFB manufacture, could find applications in many other areas, for instance as a route to low cost replication of photomasks. In addition a new grating assessment technique, based on normal reflectance measurements, has been developed. The technique has been used to investigate hitherto unmeasured effects in electron beam lithography on a variety of substrate materials before and after semiconductor overgrowth. Details of a theoretical exercise which agrees closely with experimental results are included. The technique is non-destructive and should be of interest to all areas of microlithography and holographic imaging where it is important to have control over a wide range of process stages or where the feature size rules out the use of conventional optical microscopes.

Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1978. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 552-563). / Chapter 第一章 --- 文鏡秘府論的資料來源 / Chapter 甲 --- 文鏡秘府論的成書 / Chapter 一 --- 作者生平及成書背景簡介 --- p.1 / Chapter 二 --- 直接引用文獻 --- p.5 / Chapter 三 --- 間接涉及的文獻 --- p.11 / Chapter 乙 --- 聲律類資料 / Chapter 一 --- 韻集 --- p.15 / Chapter 二 --- 四聲譜 --- p.25 / Chapter 三 --- 沈約八病說 --- p.53 / Chapter 四 --- 磔四聲論 --- p.64 / Chapter 五 --- 答甄公論 --- p.68 / Chapter 六 --- 四聲讚 --- p.71 / Chapter 七 --- 五格四聲論 --- p.75 / Chapter 八 --- 音譜決疑 --- p.80 / Chapter 九 --- 劉滔聲律病犯說 --- p.93 / Chapter 十 --- 韻略 --- p.98 / Chapter 十一 --- 四聲指歸 --- p.103 / Chapter 十二 --- 七種韻 --- p.112 / Chapter 十三 --- 四聲的分辨和它在文學上的初步應用 --- p.119 / Chapter 丙 --- 文體類資料 / Chapter 一 --- 文賦 --- p.127 / Chapter 二 --- 文章志 --- p.132 / Chapter 三 --- 翰林論 --- p.138 / Chapter 四 --- 鴻寶 --- p.144 / Chapter 五 --- 文心雕龍 --- p.148 / Chapter 六 --- 詩品 --- p.152 / Chapter 七 --- 詩評 --- p.156 / Chapter 八 --- 文筆要決 --- p.159 / Chapter 九 --- 筆札華梁 --- p.197 / Chapter 十 --- 文筆式 --- p.213 / Chapter 十一 --- 詩髓腦 --- p.232 / Chapter 十二 --- 唐朝新定詩體 --- p.246 / Chapter 十三 --- 詩格 --- p.264 / Chapter 十四 --- 詩議 --- p.296 / Chapter 十五 --- 詩式 --- p.317 / Chapter 十六 --- 佚名論製作 --- p.321 / Chapter 十七 --- 對偶和病犯─詩文形式上的同中求異 --- p.324 / Chapter 丁 --- 總集類資料 / Chapter 一 --- 集鈔 --- p.336 / Chapter 二 --- 文選 --- p.338 / Chapter 三 --- 九意 --- p.342 / Chapter 四 --- 玉臺新詠 --- p.363 / Chapter 五 --- 帝德錄 --- p.366 / Chapter 六 --- 古文章巧言語 --- p.381 / Chapter 七 --- 芳林要覽 --- p.387 / Chapter 八 --- 古今詩人秀句 --- p.389 / Chapter 九 --- 河嶽英靈集 --- p.394 / Chapter 十 --- 選篇和選句 --- p.399 / Chapter 第二章 --- 文鏡秘府論本身系統 / Chapter 甲 --- 標題來源 / Chapter 一 --- 書名 --- p.404 / Chapter 二 --- 卷數 --- p.405 / Chapter 三 --- 篇目 --- p.406 / Chapter 乙 --- 次序的編排 / Chapter 一 --- 全書組織概觀 --- p.416 / Chapter 二 --- 不合理的地方 --- p.419 / Chapter 丙 --- 空海對文學的看法 / Chapter 一 --- 劉勰和空海 --- p.420 / Chapter 二 --- 師承文心文學觀 --- p.422 / Chapter 第三章 --- 近代中日學者對文鏡秘府論的探索 / Chapter 甲 --- 近代日本人的研究成果 / Chapter 一 --- 小西文鏡秘府論考以前的研究 --- p.427 / Chapter 二 --- 近年日本人關於文鏡的著述 --- p.431 / Chapter 乙 --- 中國學人的研究概況 / Chapter 一 --- 楊守敬 --- p.434 / Chapter 二 --- 儲皖峯 --- p.438 / Chapter 三 --- 羅根澤 --- p.442 / Chapter 四 --- 郭紹虞 --- p.445 / Chapter 五 --- 潘重規 --- p.448 / Chapter 六 --- 周維德 --- p.450 / Chapter 第四章 --- 文鏡秘府論的價值 / Chapter 甲 --- 過去對日本文學的影響 --- p.453 / Chapter 乙 --- 今日對研究中國文學的幫助 --- p.454 / Chapter 附錄 --- 文鏡秘府論例詩索引 --- p.460 / Chapter 甲 --- 例詩首句索引 --- p.461 / Chapter 乙 --- 例詩原作者（或原集）索引 --- p.524 / 書目 --- p.553

Bunkyo Hifuron consists of six chapters, namely 'Heaven', 'Earth', 'East', 'West', 'South', and 'North'. The core part of 'East' is twenty-nine kinds of Dui (couplets), in which Kukai quoted and edited different theories on Dui by early Chinese scholars so that the reader could understand how to use each kind of Dui. Since Dui is a common rhetorical form in Chinese literature, Kukai's instructive information is of great use to scholars. Apart from textual criticism, rhetorical research has been conducted on the materials. However, no comprehensive research has ever been done on the linguistic concepts that underlie twenty-nine kinds of Dui in Bunkyo Hifuron. Therefore, this study will be the first attempt of its kind to address these problems. / Bunkyo Hifuron, is the work by a Japanese Buddhist monk, Kukai (774-835), who studied Buddhism in China. It is an important writing both in the history of Japanese literature and in the study of Chinese literature. In this work, Kukai edited the materials he obtained during his study in China. Some of the original texts quoted in Bunkyo Hifuron are already lost in China, which makes this work even more valuable for textual criticism. It has thus attracted many scholars' attention in their attempts to investigate the poetics and the prosodic techniques in Tang [Special character omitted] and pre-Tang texts. / This thesis is divided into five chapters: the first chapter is the preface, in which the purpose and methodology of this research are explained; in the second chapter, a general account is given of the structure of each kind of Dui; the third chapter analyzes the linguistic concepts underlying the twenty-nine kinds of Dui; the fourth chapter attempts to account for the systematic structure in the twenty-nine kinds of Dui; and the last part is the conclusion. / 文映霞. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: A, page: 2022. / Thesis (doctoral)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 364-379). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / School code: 1307. / Wen Yingxia.

Description based on: 22nd, Mar./Sept.1977 Edited by: Michael Athans, Alan S. Willsky, 1979/80- / NASA Grant NGL 22-009-124. M.I.T. Project OSP 76265. Issued by: M.I.T. Electronic Systems Laboratory, -1978; M.I.T. Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems, 197 -

This thesis investigates the role of queens in ninth and tenth century Italy. During the Carolingian period the Italian kingdom saw significant involvement of royal women in political affairs. This trend continued after the Carolingian empire collapsed in 888, as Italy became the theatre of struggles for the royal and imperial title, which resulted in a quick succession of local rulers. By investigating Italian queens, my work aims at reassessing some aspects of Italian royal politics. Furthermore, it contributes to the study of medieval queenship, exploring a context which has been overlooked with regard to female authority. The work which has been done on queens over the last decades has attempted to build a coherent model of early medieval queenship; scholars have often privileged the analysis of continuities and similarities in the study of queens' prerogatives and resources. This thesis challenges this model and underlines the peculiarities of individual queens. My analysis demonstrates that, by deconstructing the coherent model established by historiography, it is possible to underline the individual experiences, resources and strengths of each royal woman, and therefore create a new way to look at the history of queens and queenship. The thesis is divided into four main thematic sections. After having introduced the subject and the relevant historiography on the topic in the introduction, in Chapter 2 I consider ideas about queenship as expressed by narrative and normative sources. Chapter 3 deals with royal diplomas, which are a valuable resource for the understanding of queens' reigns. Chapter 4 analyses queens' dowers and monastic patronage. Chapter 5 examines the experience of Italian royal widows. Finally, the conclusive chapter outlines the significance of this thesis for the broader understanding of medieval queenship.

This thesis focuses on Lombard Southern Italy during the early middle ages and it analyses the history of political and social conflicts between the eighth and ninth century, taking into account the transformation of Lombard political power and social practices in this area. Starting from the eight-century judicial sources, this work explores political and social competition in the Beneventan region by taking into account its geographical position at the center of the Mediterranean see. Southern Italy was considered as a periphery, and sometimes as a frontier, by both the Carolingian and Byzantine empires, and endured almost a century of Muslims' attempts to conquer the peninsula. The first chapter focuses on the ducal period and investigates the formation and consolidation of the duke of Benevento's political authority before 774. During the seventh and eight centuries, the dukes developed a military and political autonomy in Southern Italy. This was due to the geographical position of the Duchy of Benevento in the Lombard Kingdom: it was far from Pavia, the king's capital city, and it was relatively isolated from other Lombard territories. Since a dynasty was established here as early as the seventh century, these dukes developed a strong and precocious political consciousness. As a result, they were particularly concerned with the formal representation of their authority, which is early attested in both coinage and diplomas. In this chapter, the analysis of the eight-century judicial records opens two important perspectives on the duke of Benevento's practices of power. Firstly, judicial assemblies were one of the most important occasions for the duke to demonstrate and exercise his authority in a public context. In contrast to all other Lombard dukes, who rendered judgement together with a group of officers, the duke of Benevento acted alone before the competing parties. By behaving exactly as the Lombard king would in Pavia, the duke was able to utilise the judicial domain as a sort of theatre in which to practice, legitimise and represent his own public authority in front of the local aristocracy. Secondly, the analysis of seven judicial case-studies suggests that the duke was not simply the sole political authority in Benevento but also the leading social agent in the whole Lombard southern Italy. Almost all the disputes transmitted by the twelfth-century cartularies implied a ducal action, donation or decision in the past, which became the main cause for later conflicts between the members of the lay élite and the monastic foundations of the region. Consequently, the analysis of judicial conflicts reveals more about the duke of Benevento's strategies and practices of power than about the lay and ecclesiastical élites' competition for power. Since there are no judicial records between 774 and the last decade of the ninth century, both conflicts and representations of authority in Lombard Southern Italy are analysed through other kinds of sources for this period. Chronicles, hagiographies, diplomas, and material sources are rich in clues about political and social competition in Benevento. By contrast, the late-ninth-century judicial records transmitted by cartularies and archives are quite different from the eighth-century documents: they have a bare and simple structure, which often hides the peculiarities of the single dispute by telling only the essentials of each conflict and a concise final judgement. In contrast to the sources of the ducal period, the ninth- and tenth-century judicial records often convey a flattened image of Lombard society. Their basic structure certainly prevents a focus on the representation of authority and the practices of power in southern Italy. On the contrary, these fields of inquiry are crucial to research both competition within the Beneventan aristocracy during the ninth century, and the relationship between Lombards and Carolingian after 774. After the fall of the Lombard Kingdom in 774, Charlemagne did not complete the military conquest of the Italian peninsula: the Duchy of Benevento was left under the control of Arechis (758-787), who proclaimed himself princeps gentis Langobardorum and continued to rule mostly independently. The confrontation and competition with the Frankish empire are key to understanding both the strengthening of Lombard identity in southern Italy and the formation of a princely political authority. The second account the historiography on the Regnum Italiae, the third section of this chapter focuses precisely on the ambitions of Louis II in Southern Italy and it analyses the implication that the projection of his rulership over this area had in shaping his imperial authority. Despite Louis II's efforts to control the Lombard principalities, his military and political experience soon revealed its limits. After the conquest of Bari in 871, Prince Adelchi imprisoned the emperor in his palace until he obtained a promise: Louis II swore not to return to Benevento anymore. Although the pope soon liberated the emperor from this oath, he never regained a political role in Southern Italy. Nevertheless, his prolonged presence in the region during the ninth century radically changed the political equilibrium of both the Lombard principalities and the Tyrrhenian duchies (i.e. Napoli, Gaeta, Amalfi). The fourth section focuses firstly on the competition between Louis II and Adelchi of Benevento, who obstinately defined his public authority in a direct competition with the Carolingian emperor. At the same time, the competition within the local aristocracy in Benevento radically changed into a small-scale struggle between the members of Adelchi's kingroup, the Radelchids. At the same time, some local officers expanded their power and acted more and more autonomously in their district, such as in Capua. When Louis II left Benevento in 871, both the Tyrrhenian duchies and the Lombard principalities in Southern Italy were profoundly affected by a sudden change in their mutual relations and even in their inner stability. The competition for power and authority in Salerno and Capua-Benevento also changed and two different political systems were gradually established in these principalities. Despite the radical transformation of internal competition and the Byzantine conquest of a large part of Puglia and Basilicata at the end of the ninth century, the Lombard principalities remained independent until the eleventh century, when Southern Italy was finally seized by Norman invaders.