This dissertation is concerned with the spatial dimensions of tourism and related physical planning issues, focusing on Greece. It explores relevant research in this area, analyses the structure of tourism at different spatial levels, and relates tourism's spatial structure to planning parameters. Within the W.European context, tourism's growth and spatial structure reflects a process of leisure division (tourism demand and consumption differentiation) attributed to (i) marked inter-country differences regarding socioeconomic, supply-attraction and accessibility factors, and (ii) the international organization of the tourist industry: the influential role of tour operators and airlines in controlling market size, price of the tourist product (TP), and transport links. Tourism's spatial structure in Greece is influenced by both endogenous and exogenous factors: (i) the country's socioeconomic development process, territorial structure and regional accessibility, and the organizational mode of the Greek tourist industry and relevant government policies (investments), and (ii) the way Greek regions are connected with the international travel system, and are affected by tour operations; the latter, building on existing locational advantages, and reinforcing development in "established" places. Physical planning, confined within a legalistic frame of restrictive measures, is weakly related to economic and sectoral planning; negatively affected by administrative-institutional constraints (inadequate planning system, legal-statutory frame, planning organization); ineffectively integrated into a planning process characterized by limited political commitment to, and social awareness and acceptability of planning action. The ineffectiveness of tourism and physical planning to influence endogenous or exogenous factors, underlying tourism's spatial structure, is evidenced by the absence of any substantial rapport between the kind of physical development taking place, and concurrent planning practices. The advanced "territorial profiles" and tourist policy proposals provide: (i) a methodological frame, conceptualizing tourism's organization on a territorial basis, for interrelating and integrating economic, sociocultural and physical dimensions in tourist development planning, and (ii) a planning guidelines-frame suggesting the main policy directions for TP and market restructuring, and for improving physical and tourism planning practice in Greece.

The objective of this research is to document sound marketing practice in Scotland's museums and galleries. This research was undertaken due to the increasing interest in marketing by museums themselves, and by those who fund museums. Before the research began there was a suspicion that the transfer of consumer goods marketing concepts to museums might be inappropriate, and that there was a lack of empirically based studies of marketing in museums. The literature review confirmed these suspicions. An explanatory approach using qualitative methods was therefore appropriate. Examples of sound museum marketing practice were identified by use of a panel of experts. The research was essentially an ethnographic study of what curators (managers) in the successful museums actually do. Whilst the techniques used are well established in many of the social sciences they are less common both in marketing and in museum studies. The research also made use of "Ethnograph" software for the analysi s of interview data, one of the first occasions this has been done in marketing research in the UK. The research revealed an inductively derived model identifying three important areas that successful museum curators have to attend to, namely, the management of the museum, the management of its reputation, and the management of its relationships with the museum's patron (funding) groups. It is this latter split that provides the key difference between museum marketing and commercial marketing. The research went on to discover how these three categories are dynamically related in a "spiral of success", and how the model can be used as a diagnostic tool to identify areas requiring attention. The other principal findings relate to the characteristics of successful curators. The research has implications for policy in areas including training, and the whole relationship between museums and those who fund them. In particular the idea that marketing will necessa is refuted.

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This programme of research contributed to the understanding of the process of fitness training adherence of elite netball players. It was designed to quantify fitness training adherence using a valid method of measurement, identify fitness training facilitators and barriers, examine the utility of social cognitive theories in predicting and explaining fitness training adherence and assess the efficacy of a theory-based intervention aimed at improving training adherence. In Chapter 2.1, the strong correlations between the diary measures and a 3-week recall measures for aerobic and strength training frequency (r = .64 and .70, p < .01, respectively) provided support for the construct validity of the diary method. Adherence was moderate for both aerobic (71 + 27%, M ± SD) and strength training (65 + 30%). Moreover, only 1 player (4%) managed to fully adhere to the recommended programme. Chapter 2.2 examined the utility of the Theory of Planned Behaviour and Social Cognitive Theory in predicting aerobic training adherence. Neither of the theories significantly predicted adherence behaviour. However, within both of the theories, past training behaviour accounted for a significant unique portion of the variance in training adherence. In Chapter 2.3 a cross-case analysis of semi-structured interview data revealed that the key facilitators and barriers of fitness training behaviour could be usefully viewed within the framework of the revised Theory of Planned Behaviour. Chapter 2.4 examined the utility of Social Cognitive Theory, the Theory of Planned Behaviour and the revised Theory of Planned Behaviour in predicting fitness training adherence. The revised Theory of Planned Behaviour proved to be the best predictor of training adherence, accounting for 80% (77% adjusted) of the variance. Social Cognitive Theory and the Theory of Planned Behaviour accounted for 500/0 (41 % adjusted) and 21 % (11 % adjusted) of the variance in training adherence, respectively. Chapter 2.5 investigated the efficacy of an intervention, based on the predictions of the revised Theory of Planned Behaviour, designed to improve training adherence. Large effect sizes (0.93 - 3.80) for improvements in adherence between baseline and post-intervention were found for 13 players (760/0). A follow-up assessment over 7- weeks showed that players' training adherence remained improved.

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The research has demonstrated that giving appropriate information to carefully targeted sedentary employees who work in a supportive environment can help increase physical activity levels. At the adoption phase there seems to be no advantage in carrying out a fitness assessment or an exercise consultation. Information giving is most cost effective and one that can be implemented in the many and varied opportunities which exist for health professionals. The general trend, as discerned from the plots of PA over time, showed that any initial positive change dropped markedly in the period between three months to six months post test. Furthermore, the stage of change by time interaction showed, rather surprisingly, that 'contemplators' required relatively less support than 'preparers' in the maintenance phase. No matter what type of intervention takes place, it was clear that on-going support was required to assist individuals maintain any initial positive change. Exercise consultation is a new approach to helping sedentary individuals increase physical activity levels. This type of intervention was found to be appealing from a subjective level and there was some evidence (from planned comparison) to suggest that it was more effective than fitness assessment in helping sustain the change in the move from adoption to maintenance. It is important that sedentary individuals who adopt more physically active lifestyles are given further support and a range of choices to maintain this behaviour change. Exercise consultation is particularly suited to help individuals in this dynamic process.

The thesis represents the analysis of a specific international sector, namely tourism and hotels, using perspectives drawn from international political economy (IPE). The major purpose is to illustrate the application of the emerging conceptual framework of IPE to demonstrate the value of this new approach in understanding international relationships. The central argument is that the conventional approaches of the discipline of international relations (IR) are too limited to account for change in social action at the international level and that the approach offered by new developments in IPE offers a more productive method of analysis and leads to more satisfactory explanation. A key issue in IR theory is the degree to which the conventional perspectives of the discipline are able to capture the full range of variables that influence outcomes in the international system. The new IPE attempts to resolve this issue through the concept of a set of power structures that broaden the scope of analysis beyond the restrictions imposed by traditional approaches in IR. International relationships are categorised through the structures of security, production, finance and knowledge, thus expanding the range of enquiry across a much more comprehensive spectrum of variables. A related issue is the relationship between politics and economics, which is conceptualised in the new IPE through the unifying concept of power, whether it is derived from wealth or the ability to coerce. Central to the new approach is an examination of sources of power within the structures, the use to which it is put and the outcomes that the use of power generates, within and between the structures. The empirical work was designed to demonstrate the strength of this approach through the analysis of a specific sector of the global political economy. The choice of a sector as the unit of analysis permits an examination of all key actors and relationships operating within the four structures. The case of the international hotel and tourism industry in Thailand illustrates the value of this approach by demonstrating the multicausal nature of observed outcomes and by revealing the source and relationship of multiple causal factors. The analysis thus brings out the roles played both by states and by the private sector and the way in which changes in the global financial system and, particularly, technology have generated change within the sector in varying ways and at varying times. The historical approach thus also brings out the dynamic nature of international relations as the changes within Thailand's tourism sector are described and explained through the analysis offered by the new IPE.

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