At the outset, the purpose of this research was to establish a framework that, once in place, could identify and monitor changes in residents' opinions of tourism development in the cities of York, Bath and Chester in England. As well as establishing a framework, it was also anticipated that comparative analysis might well establish a basis for theory development regarding the social impacts of tourism on residents of historic cities in England. As the research developed, it became increasingly apparent that although the studies were providing an interesting benchmark of the social impacts of tourism in historic cities, they said little about residents' opinions regarding the planning actions taken by local government to manage tourism development. The three social impact studies proved interesting in that similarities and differences were found within and between the resident populations. Their most important contribution however is that they: 1) provided a response to the established need for more extensive longitudinal and comparative urban tourism research; 2) documented residents' opinions of tourism in three historic cities; 3) established a reliable sampling methodology for use in urban environments; 4) contributed a most important basis for the subsequent redirection of this doctoral research in that they led to the recognition that the social impacts of tourism should be investigated at the planning action level and not purely on a general level. In recognition of this observation, this research sought to develop a second framework that would enable residents to evaluate the specific tourism planning objectives and actions undertaken by local government. In order to achieve this, three further research phases were designed. The objectives of these phases were: 1) to establish the strategic tourism planning objectives and actions of local government in England (research phase II); 2) to develop a conceptual model which established a valid association of distinct planning actions with specific objectives (research phase II); 3) to investigate the commitment of local government to conducting resident tourism surveys (research phase III); 4) to utilise the information attained in the earlier research phases to develop a new methodology which is operationalised through the development of a computer model (research phase IV); 5) to involve the tourism officers in historic cities in the evaluation of this new methodology in terms of its potential to capture residents' opinions and improve the potential for more meaningful public consultation in the tourism environment (research phase IV).

The cost of a return journey to a soccer match can often be comparable to, or even exceed, the admission price. However, in spite of the importance of travel costs, previous studies on the demand for live soccer generally exclude travel costs from the analysis. The thesis explores the consequences of this omission and shows that the likely effect is to bias estimates of the ticket price elasticity downwards. The thesis also argues that the previous estimates of the ticket price and income elasticities are likely to be biased due to generic problems with the time series approach and methodological problems with particular pooled studies. To overcome these problems, the travel cost methodology, developed in the economics of outdoor recreation, is adapted to permit analysis of demand relationships in professional soccer. Attendance at Premier League matches is modelled as a function of travel costs and other factors, such as the admission price and consumer income, using data from a national fan survey. From the results, ticket price elasticities are estimated that are more consistent with profit maximisation than previous estimates. Subsequent analysis on the relationship between attendance and income distinguishes between the decision to become a fan and, given that one is a fan, the question of the number of games to attend in a season. The first decision is shown to be positively related to income, via a social class proxy, and the second decision unrelated to income, giving a positive income elasticity of demand.

This thesis is based on case studies of two prominent heritage sites in the Greater Manchester area: Wigan Pier and The Museum of Science and Industry. These case studies have involved detailed interviews with and observation of visitors to the sites, interviews with staff, management and associates of the sites, and examination of archival records. The thesis addresses debates about heritage and the changing form and content of museums. In particular, there is an engagement with the work of Bourdieu, Foucault and Urry as the thesis seeks to analyse the construction and consumption of these two sites. Specifically, the complexity and diversity of such locations are highlighted, both in the ways in which such sites are constructed, produced and organised and in the manner in which they are consumed by visitors. Thus, it is argued that it is important to take note of the impact of the modes of operation of specific sites on the consumption patterns, found there. Further, it is maintained that this is a complex relationship, where a focus on the actual consumers enables the full complexity of the narratives they employ to talk about their visit, to emerge. On this basis, the centrality of the concept of the tourist gaze is challenged as the thesis explores the ways in which visitors physically, emotionally and imaginatively map their visit. Moreover, the thesis highlights the distinction of the sites in terms of authenticity. The detailed examination of the idea of cultural capital leads to the argument that this concept needs to be replaced with a theorisation which is better able to incorporate the everyday life and life histories of the visitors. With this aim the thesis seeks to locate visitors' consumption of these particular sites in the context of their general patterns of cultural consumption. Consequently, it is suggested that the notion of the 'cultural omnivore' has some potential in explaining the patterning of cultural consumption found amongst visitors to these two sites.

Das Kernstück der Arbeit ist die Darstellung einer empirischen Erhebung über den Vergleich zweier niederbayerischer Städte in Bezug auf die gesellschaftliche Stellung des klassischen Sportvereins vor Ort. Es wird die historische Entwicklung und der Urspung des Sportvereins in Deutschland aufgezeigt, sowie welche Aktualität und Relevanz die gesellschaftlichen und wirtschaftlichen Faktoren des Sportvereins heute haben. Weiterhin werden einerseits die Grenzen und Möglichkeiten der Gemeinnützigkeit aus steuerrechtlicher Sicht aufgezeigt und andererseits die unter diesen Rahmenbedingungen realisierbaren Finanzierungsmöglichkeiten dargestellt. Darüber hinaus wird beschrieben, wie man einen Sportverein am lokalen Markt unter Berücksichtung der relevanten Wettbewerber mittels Marketingwerkzeugen positionieren kann. / The core part of the work is an empirical survey about the comparison of two Lower Bavarian cities concerning the social position of the classical local sportsclub. A historical view of the origin and genesis of the sportsclub in Germany is shown as well as the relevant and actual social and economical factors. Another part of the work describes the possiblities and limits of the benefit to the public concerning tax law on the one hand and the possiblitities for financing a sportsclub within these basic conditions on the other hand. Furthermore is shown how a sportsclub can be positioned on the local market by the support of marketing-tools according to the relating competitors.

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The thesis explores ways in which public presentations of history and archaeology might be enjoyed by a wider audience than they are at present. Particular emphasis is placed on understanding cultural barriers that deter certain groups who are otherwise interested in the past. In order to do this it is necessary to understand the role of the past and of institutions such as museums in contemporary culture. A survey representative of all adults shows that, rather than being a commodity as some claim, the past is used in many different ways as a discourse about the present. In addition, claims that presentations of the past act as agents of the dominant ideology are unfounded because 'the dominated' tend not to go to them. As they have not been socialized into the 'code' of museum-visiting, they find the museum's image intimidating and exclude themselves. Archaeology itself suffers from an outdated and unclear image. Archaeological societies, like museums, are participated in predominantly by the better-educated and the affluent. Fieldwork is carried out by a wider range of people, but is perceived by the public to be in the same category as treasure-hunting. This is partly due to archaeology's image, and partly to the exclusion of amateurs from excavations. A study is then made of ways in which people who tend not to go to museums or participate in archaeology do gain their sense of the past, in order to discover ways in which these deterrents might be removed. It is found that most past-related activities are done by active heritage visitors. Those who tend not to participate in them gain their sense of the past in less tangible ways, through memories, family history and attachment to place. In conclusion, two different ways of experiencing the past are isolated, personal, and non-personal or 'heritage'. Participation in the latter is dominated by the better-educated and the affluent, who adopt it as part of a cultured lifestyle appropriate to their social position. Museum-visiting and membership of archaeological societies is emblematic of affiliation to this group. It will therefore not be possible for museums or societies to attract a totally representative audience. Museums are relatively 'open' institutions, however, so it will be possible to widen participation even further, and ways of achieving this are suggested.

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