This thesis investigates the use of aphorism in the work (\(Notizenwerk\)) of Ludwig Hohl and selected passages of Friedrich Nietzsche and Peter Handke in order to demonstrate the connections (Zusammenhänge) between aphorisms, taking seriously what aphoristic writers say about their own work, i.e. that aphorisms are the result of long secret chains of thought (Nietzsche). The study thereby addresses a gap in the research identified by Neumann. Concurring with Fedler, this thesis understands aphorism as combining conceptual with metaphorical (non-conceptual) thought and chains of thought are investigated on different levels. The dissertation illustrates that aphoristic writers dissolve conceptual boundaries and have elaborate concepts of phantasy (\(Phantasie\)), confirming Blumenberg’s view that wherever the conceptual is questioned, phantasy will be re-evaluated. In the course of this, Kassner’s influence on Hohl and Hohl’s influence on Handke will be shown. With the help of Begriffsgeschichte the thesis will demonstrate unity underlying Hohl’s Notizen, that aphorisms are capable of expressing a complex life-affirming theory, and that furthermore the aphorism cannot be understood without an existential, ineffable and personal dimension. An ontological fragmentariness underlies aphoristic writing, meaning that there is no opposition between aphorism and fragment and that instead aphorisms are inherently fragmentary.

This thesis examines Kulturkritik and the question of the representation of difference in the work of Anne Duden. It uncovers a far-reaching interrogation of Western culture in Duden's work as oppositional relations between culture-nature, mind-body, subject and object are constantly questioned. It examinesthe criticism of the treatment of the body in Western culture which appears in the texts in a variety of ways. Though oblique reference to Cartesian and Enlightenment selves, the texts question dominant modes of being in the West and the consequences of this promotion. This is examined firstly through an analysis of Duden's essays on paintings of George and the dragon where the links between Duden's thought and the radical philosophy coming out of the 1960s are investigated. Then the prose works Ubergang and Das Judasschaf are explored to highlight the criticism of binary structures which I argue needs to be understood with reference to the types of selves and bodies which are privileged in Western culture; the production of 'useful/rational' bodies and hierarchical and oppositional subject-object, mind-matter relations prevalent in Enlightenment thought. I also argue that there is not just a criticism of structures perceived to be dominant in Western culture in Duden's texts, but that different modes of being are conveyed by the writing as differences within culture. The narrators become selves through fluid processes of interchange with the environment rather than existing as fixed entities. This analysis is linked to Duden's questioning of abstract and generalised concepts which enables a reading of the experiences of the narrators not as a 'breakdown' or loss of self, but as expressions of alternative modes of being. A close examination of the narrative style in Ubergang and Das Judasschaf analyses how selves, bodies and reality are represented. I argue that the writing is centrally concerned with areas beneath fixed forms and remains immanent to the experiences of pain, dissolution, joy, panic and the semi-conscious body rather than transcending and translating them into speech. Thus the writing continually gives us the impression that it paradoxically narrates word-less experiences. This writing of the body and other realms normally considered beyond representation questions universal norms and concepts. However, the narrative does not descend into nonsense and differences and specificities are not located beyond words but expressed in the text. The avant-garde properties of Duden's texts are examined through an analysis of montage techniques and the juxtaposition of levels of time in 'Ubergang and Das Judasschaf. Narrative and formal aspects are then explicitly linked to history and politics in an examination of Das Judasschaf and the centrality of the problem of living in a post-Holocaust culture. I will argue that the text's Kulturkritik indirectly interrogates the culture which produced the Holocaust and that the breakdown of narrative can be linked to the complexities of the post-Holocaust historical state. In addition the presentation of the Holocaust through the quotation of historical documents is understood in terms of the text's inability to represent the Holocaust. Aesthetics and politics are also brought together in the examination of the Steinschlag poems. With reference to Duden's essays on aesthetics, I argue that the Steinschlag texts speak with and through the broken remains of a language left over from the atrocities of the 20th Century. The musical re-configurations of the remnants, however, produce a negative hope by speaking from the sites of the gaps in culture and history.

This thesis is a comparative study of three spiritual female models recognized in the Islamic tradition: Maryam, the mother of `Isa, Khadija, the Prophet Muh&dotbelow;ammad's first wife, and Fat&dotbelow;ima, the Prophet's daughter. Although comparisons between these three women occur frequently in the Islamic literature of different periods, this research focuses on two works of the famous exegete and historian Abu Ja`far al-T&dotbelow;abari (d. 310/923), i.e., Jami` al-Bayan `an Ta'wil al-Qur'an and Ta'rikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk . In the light of textual analysis of al-T&dotbelow;abari's depiction of these three women, it appears that their images contribute towards the formation of an ideal type of the believing Muslim woman. Maryam, Khadija and Fat&dotbelow;ima are consistently characterized by their obedience, motherhood and purity. This thesis analyzes al-T&dotbelow;abari's comments on, and understanding of, each of these virtues. It also argues that the comparison between these three women, as found in al-T&dotbelow;abari's works, serves a wider religious purpose. Paradoxically, Khadija's and Fat&dotbelow;ima's comparison with Maryam allowed the early exegetes to establish Islam's continuity with respect to the existing monotheistic religions and, at the same time, to affirm its superiority over them.

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Gegenstand der Dissertation sind die 26 Meisterlieder des Hans Sachs, die Episoden aus dem Trojanischen Krieg und von den Irrfahrten des Odysseus aufgreifen. Troja galt in Mittelalter und Früher Neuzeit als Prototyp des städtischen Gemeinwesens, so dass sich an seinem Fall - im doppelten Wortsinne - exemplarisch untersuchen ließ, was den Zusammenhalt des städtischen Lebens sicherte bzw. gefährdete. Der Sagenkreis um Troja bot sich für den Handwerker und Poeten Hans Sachs folglich in besonderer Weise dafür an, um Ordnungsvorstellungen für das städtische Gemeinwesen Nürnbergs abzuleiten. Die Arbeit geht von einer doppelten Fragestellung aus: Zum einen wird die Verarbeitung der literarischen Vorlage in den Meisterliedern untersucht, zum anderen wird danach gefragt, wie Hans Sachs mit seinen Liedern am zeitgenössischen Normenhorizont partizipiert und diesen seinerseits mitgestaltet. Dieser doppelte Ansatz wird bereits durch die äußere Form der Lieder nahegelegt, die sich in der Regel in narratio und moralisatio aufteilen. Die Untersuchung erfolgt in detaillierten Einzelanalysen, in denen die Lieder auch gerade auf mögliche interne Widersprüche hin befragt werden. Textgrundlage der Untersuchungen ist ein bereinigter Abdruck der Lieder nach der jeweils ältesten Handschrift; in den meisten Fällen handelt es sich jeweils um die Erstedition des Lieds. / Subject of the dissertation are the 26 master songs of Hans Sachs picking up episodes from the Trojan War and the wanderings of Odysseus. Troy was considered in the Middle Ages and early modern period to be a prototype of the urban community, so that in its case - in the double sense of the word - could be studied exemplarily, which ensured or undermined the cohesion of urban life. The cycle of sagas around Troy therefore offered itself to the craftsman and poet Hans Sachs in a special way to deduce concepts of order for the urban community of Nuremberg. The work is based on a double question: On the one hand, the processing of the literary prototype in the master songs is analysed, on the other hand, it is asked how Hans Sachs participates with his songs in the contemporary context of norms and, for his part, helps shape that context. This double approach is immediately suggested by the composition of the songs, which are usually divided into narratio and moralisatio. The study is performed in detailed individual analyses interviewing the songs also for possible internal contradictions. Textual basis of the studies is an adjusted copy of the songs following the oldest manuscript; in most cases it is the first edition of the song.

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This thesis aims to analyze the re-emergence of the Armenian question as an aspect of Armenian nationalism and its effects on Turkey between the years 1960 and 1990. The Armenian question is a very controversial political issue with its multi-dimensional characteristic. The Armenian question emerged with the Ottoman Armenians&rsquo / autonomy demands as an extension of Armenian nationalism in the nineteenth century. With the interest of the imperialist states, the Armenian question became an international problem especially after the Ottoman-Russian War of 1877-1878. Although the Armenian question reached its peak in World War I, it dropped from the international agenda by the Peace Treaty of Lausanne in 1923. After World War II, the Armenian question was transformed into an international issue once again by Joseph Stalin the leader of the USSR that was used as a political trump against Turkey in the Cold War period. Especially, the date April 24, 1965 became a remarkable turning point in the re-emergence of the Armenian question as an aspect of Armenian nationalism. Since 1965, the Armenian Diaspora has used the Armenian question to materialize dream of the &ldquo / Greater Armenia.&rdquo / Today, the Armenian question has affected Turkey&rsquo / s bilateral and multilateral relations with other countries especially with the Republic of Armenia and the United States of America. By this thesis, these whole facts will be analyzed to expose the historical background of the re-emergence of the Armenian question as an aspect of Armenian nationalism, and its effects on Turkey between the years 1960-1990, and to contribute to the academic literature.

This study deals with the characteristics of Arabic historiography in Iraq down to the time of Abu Ja'fer Tabari (d. 310/923). The historical annals of Taberi provide both the specific focus of the study and a methodological approach. Since Tabari's work may be regarded as an anthology of the writings of the early historians, our first question concerns the characteristics of Iraqi historiography as they are reflected in the annals. Then we are concerned with the ways in which Tabari's work differed from his predecessors. Part One of the study comprises a historical survey of the main historians of the period including Tabari. Part two deals with certain specific characteristics of history writing, suoh as the khabar element, based upon illustrative material provided by a translated portion of the annals, which itself appears as an Appendix to the study. Again drawing upon the translated material, we deal with certain problems, such as the nature of the sources, with which Tabari was confronted in compiling his own work.