Some of the theories in the third world countries claimed that rural to urban migration was the result of rapid urbanisation in many developing countries. With the hypothesis that migration, especially rural to urban migration, is the dominant factor for urbanisation in Malaysia, a study is undertaken to investigate whether this hypothesis is still valid. Using data from the Malaysian Censuses of 1991 and 2000, this study embarked into some empirical analysis to understand the dynamics of population movements in Malaysia and how this has shaped the population settlement in this country. The study is about time and spatial structure. The urban and rural areas in Malaysia are shaped through time and by population shifts within and between its settlements. The study analyses the population shifts by looking at internal migration in three different levels, the state level, the district level and the urban/rural level. The empirical analyses and evidences at these levels comprised the major part of this thesis. Conclusions are drawn from these analyses. The study found that short distance migration is prominent in Malaysia, although the number of population migrated from one area to the other have decreased in recent years. The rate of long distance migration is also increasing which probably the result of higher standard of living and better transportation infrastructures and facilities. The study also found that urban to urban migration has been dominant both within and between the states in Malaysia in the last few decades. Rural to urban migration is no longer dominant. In fact, rural to rural migration has been shown to be higher in many states than rural to urban migration. The study also concluded that the expansion of urban areas between the Census periods have contributed to the urbanisation in Malaysia. The increase in urban population is the result of extending boundaries of the cities and urban areas by local authorities as well as the creation of new urban areas when the previously rural areas meet the requirement to become urban areas as defined by the authority.

Traditional nation-based models of citizenship that link belonging to territorial, political, social and cultural membership have been questioned by the transnational approach to migration. However, transnationalism abstracts migrants' experiences outside of the historical-material circumstances of their production and organizes groups into bound categories without engaging in questions of difference and diversity. Although more recent work has attempted to address these concerns through a focus on the governance of migration, 'transnational space' is deployed uncritically without questioning how migration is a contested enterprise grounded in places imbued with territories of meaning. The raised connectivities of globalisation compel us to think more critically about the interactions between migration and places as historicized outcomes of difference and an ongoing record of muldscalar and intersecting social processes. By taking the "places" of transnational fields seriously as a Lefebvrian synthetic third term that is neither wholly political-economic nor fully personal,I draw attention to the syntheses of difference in the personal, political, historical and material conditions of existence,all of which are underpinned by the inseparable circulation of symbols, materiality and policies. The case of Indians in South Africa challenges us to reconsider our conceptualizations of transnational identities and communities. The economic, demographic and cultural make-up of the Indian population in Durban and their embeddedness in the history of South Africa provides rich material for the study of the overlapping spheres of personal and political transnational life. My examination of the transnational practices of Indo-South Africans in the context of South Africa has opened up transnationalism in three ways. First, I provide a critical reading of identity by juxtaposing the production and circulation of the signs of an authentic Indo-South African transnational identity through 'cultural brokers' with accounts of the material practices of transnationalism. Second, I show how the transnational identities of Indo-South Africans are defined not only against India, but are made relevant to a South African national citizenship that is located both in 'national' space and in other fractured regional and international spaces of development. Finally, I explore the uneven geographies that accompany India's recent dual citizenship provisions to show how transnational governance by states is contingent upon place. By unpacking the multiplicity and contingencies within transnational. places, I investigate the fragmentations and contestations of transnational identity and belonging.

This thesis examines representations of tourism in postcolonial island literatures. Focusing on works by Caribbean, Pacific, and Sri Lankan writers, it argues that even as they foreground the exploitative dimensions of mass tourism development, they also provide insights into how more culturally and environmentally sensitive tourism practices might emerge. As such, they offer important contributions to enhancing island tourism sustainability. In constructing this argument, I locate my textual readings in the context o f interdisciplinary tourism studies, an expansive field which embraces sociological, anthropological, geographical, economic, and political science disciplines. I draw on this research to show how it can deepen understandings of tourism’s role within postcolonial island texts, and to explore the extent to which imaginative depictions of the industry offer fresh perspectives on mainstream tourism studies debates. The thesis focuses on islands as a means o f exploring the tensions between their stereotypically ‘paradisal’ attraction to generations of ‘western’ visitors, and their social, cultural, and environmental vulnerability to unsustainable tourism practices. This allows the relationship between the industry’s discursive and material operations to be approached in nuanced depth. It also highlights tensions between theories of cultural and environmental sustainability, which are often heightened in island contexts. Drawing on recent intersections between postcolonialism and ecocriticism as well as cultural approaches to globalisation, the thesis seeks to further conversations between aesthetics, social science, and ecological research, while also attending to the formal complexities o f the texts addressed. Following the first chapter, which examines tourism’s effects on island ecologies and the contributions postcolonial island literatures can make to interdisciplinary debates, the thesis is divided into three central chapters. Chapter 2 deals with tourism and nature, Chapter 3 addresses tourism and culture, and Chapter 4 brings social and environmental concerns together in its analysis o f sex tourism and embodied experience. Embracing writings from a wide variety of islands — including Antigua, Barbados, Trinidad, St Lucia, Samoa, New Zealand, Hawai‘i, and Sri Lanka — it asserts the importance of comparing portrayals o f island tourism within a postcolonial framework. It concludes by outlining the relevance o f future research for poverty alleviation, crisis management, and understanding marginalised groups’ negotiations o f the industry in both island and mainland contexts.

In the last few years, multicultural citizenship, once hailed as a solution to national cohesion, has faced increasing political and academic accusations of inciting segregation and group divisions. This has prompted a re-evaluation of different institutional and discursive arrangements of national citizenship and their impact on the integration of minority ethnic groups. This research into the history of Jewish integration into British society analyses the relationship between changing forms of British citizenship and the evolution of British Jewish identities. In so doing, it enhances our understanding of how citizenship policies affect minority selfrepresentation and alter trajectories of integration into mainstream society. The research draws on an historical and sociological analysis of the Jewish community in Leeds to reveal how the assimilationist and ethnically defined citizenship of Imperial Britain conditioned the successful Jewish integration into a particular formula of Jewish identity, `private Jewishness and public Englishness', which, in the second part of the 20th century, was challenged by multicultural citizenship. The policies of multiculturalism, aimed at the political recognition and even encouragement of ethnic, racial and religious diversity, prompted debates about private-public expressions of ethnic/religious and other minority identities, legitimating alternative visions of Jewish identity and supporting calls for the democratisation of community institutions. The thesis argues that the national policies of multiculturalism were crucial in validating multiple `readings' of national and minority identity that characterise the present day Leeds Jewish community. Employing a multi-method approach, the study demonstrates how the social and geographical contexts of social actors, in particular their positions within the minority group and the mainstream population, enable multiple `readings' of sameness and differences. In particular, the research explores how a wealth of interpretations of personal and collective Jewish identities manifests itself through a selective and contextualised usage of different narratives of citizenship.

This thesis considers as sources of topographical information the utility of the printed maps of Yorkshire produced by private individuals before the advent of the Ordnance Survey. The thesis is divided into two parts. In Part I, the aim is to consider the problem of the reliability of these printed maps and to divide them into two categories: maps which are demonstrably of no use as topographical sources; and maps which merit further investigation. The concern of Part II is to give to the maps in the second category the attention which they merit and to present an assessment of their utility as sources of topographical information. Part I contains four chapters. Chapter 1 places the research into the context of previous studies in historical cartography. Chapter 2 presents the problem of map reliability by discussing the nature of the printed maps before the creation of the Ordnance Survey. In the light of this discussion Chapter 3 presents a methodology and classificatory system devised for the assessment of the maps of Yorkshire. Chapter 4 records the results of the application of this classificatory system to all the maps of Yorkshire. This chapter identifies those maps which contribute genuinely to our knowledge of the topography and which will therefore need to be considered in Part II. A graph shows the number and type of every printed map of the county published each year. Assessment of the maps in Part II is undertaken in chronological periods based on five of the most important works, namely Saxton's map of 1577, Ogilby's strip maps of 1675, Warburton's map of 1720, Jefferys' map of 1771/2 and Greenwood's map of 1817/18. The exceptional survival of Warburton's field survey materials enables an analysis of the crucial relationship of the printed map to the actual survey. A final chapter considers the relationship of non-printed maps to the printed map. The concluding section of the thesis considers the relevance of the findings for the printed maps of other counties.

Along with changes in fertility, mortality and international migration, internal migration acts to affect population change in almost all areas of Britain. As well as changing the numbers of people in localities it will alter the structure and composition of populations, impacting upon the planning and allocation of resources to local communities. In order to plan effectively, knowledge of the flows of people within the country is essential, but with almost ten percent of the population of Britain changing their permanent place of residence every year, a complex system of flows between a multitude of origins and destinations is presented. There is a long history of studying internal migration in Britain; a history which owes much to the system of flows continually evolving. Monitoring this system can be problematic as unlike births and deaths, there is no compulsory mechanism to record the movements of people within the country. Data are accessed from different sources, each with their own idiosyncrasies which pose challenges for those wishing to build a complete understanding of the flows taking place. This thesis tackles the problem of building an understanding of internal migration in Britain where data are limited and patterns and processes complex. New methods for estimating incomplete data are presented, along with new techniques for analysing available datasets. Central to the understanding of internal migration patterns is the association of types of migrant with origin and destination areas; therefore one of the central contributions of this piece of work is the development of a new internal migration-based geodemographic area classification framework, designed to both assist in the analysis of internal migration data from the census used to build it and to offer a parsimonious system for the analysis of temporally rich but attribute poor non-census datasets.

The rapid growth of slums in recent decades in Africa has posed problems of both an academic and a political nature. In this study two specific problems associated with the process of urbanisation - housing needs and political participation - provide the focus for a study of change in Livingstone, Zambia which was carried out in 1970/1971. Malota, the town's oldest housing area, has over the last two decades come to be seen as a squatter area and there have been continual demands for its demolition. It is thought by many people in the town to be a separate community; marginal in social, economic, and political terms and resistant to change. However, the analysis of data from a variety of sources over a twenty-year period shows that there have been major changes in the compound's social composition, particularly in terms of an increasing social and economic heterogeneity. It is evident that the compound is, and always has been, an integral part of the urban system. Malota is also regarded as politically marginal with general tendencies to conservatism and traditionalism, and with an exaggerated emphasis on rural origins and values. A discussion of two particular institutions - tribal folderol and the local-level leadership of the ruling political party - suggests that this belief is also inaccurate. Viewed within the historical development of Zambian urban politics, the contemporary dominance of these two institutions by specific ethnic groups can be seen as the consequence of a series of factors relating to the distribution of resources in the urban sector. As a result, it is more appropriate to view the relationship between tribe and political participation in terms of the intervening variable of socio-economic status. Many of Malota's supposed characteristics cannot be supported by fact. Though it is undoubtedly a slum, it has been a crucial factor in the town's development, providing the flexibility needed in periods of rapid urban growth and a 'legal' alternative to the squatter areas that surround so many African towns and cities.

No description available.

This thesis is about the images and dilemmas of Rungus tourism. The Rungus community of Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia has found its way into the country's development plans and tourism policies. Rungus' faces and special features associated with Rungus lifestyle and livelihood appeared in travel guidebooks, printed brochures and websites of Malaysian-based tour companies. What happens when the 'most traditional ethnic group' in Sabah who lived in an area "rarely visited by tourists" - the Kudat district - becomes part of the media promotion and the tourist gaze? For the Rungus community, the objective of participation in the tourism sector is to improve their economic livelihood and standard of living. The tour operators who include the Rungus as part of their tour itinerary are interested in the profit making potential of selling the Rungus as an isolated, unique and traditional community. The tourists, as consumers of the Rungus product, come to Rungus territory to seek the <I>authentic tourist experience</I> - the feeling of being whole and balanced through revisiting the past in the Rungus present. The research focused on the two main aspects. The first aspect concerned the Rungus product. What was the product offered to the tourist and in what form? The second aspect concerned the Rungus dilemma, which basically involved two central issues: the problem of authenticity and the development paradox. Data from the ethnographic fieldwork carried out in four tourist-designated villages showed that the Rungus villagers' hopes of tourism did not materialise. They could not depend on tourism for the desired additional case income, as tourists arrivals were unpredictable and not regular. Instead, the villagers showed discontentment over the features the tourism authorities chose to represent the Rungus people. In terms of the development dilemma, the Rungus people were caught in a catch-22 situation: the success of Rungus tourism depended on the Rungus people's purportedly primitive existence. The Rungus wanted development and progress but the tourists wanted them to be undeveloped and traditional. The question is essentially one of presentation: what is the alternative to the present form of presentation of Rungus tourism?

No description available.