Initially a variety of established photo-interpretation methods have been applied to the study of mineralised areas and to the mapping of geological features, hydrographic surveys and miscellaneous investigations of small sites using commercially available black and white, colour and infra-red false colour photography. In addition the potential of multi-spectral and infra-red linescan imagery has been investigated. A method using a radio-controlled mini-drone has been developed for the acquisition of imagery covering small areas for base mapping and interpretation purposes. The imagery obtained has been found to be of acceptable quality and may be used either to supplement the conventional imagery particularly where only black and white cover is available, or to carry out a mini-drone survey in its own right. Microdensitometry and statistical analysis of the image data has been carried out together with computer graphics to assist in the interpretation and display of results. The work demonstrates the value of utilising imagery of all types and at all scales for geological interpretation purposes and the flexibility of relatively simple and cheap data acquisition and image processing facilities for limited areas. Although successful in exposed situations the problems of interpretation of vegetated and soil covered terrain in the United Kingdom are highlighted, but nevertheless a significant increase in detectability of subtle features in mineralised zones in difficult terrain, has been achieved using techniques such as microdensitometry.

Land fragmentation is an important aspect of farm structure in many parts of the world. It generally results from population pressure and partible inheritance. Drawing from a wide range of countries the difficulties of operating a fragmented holding are investigated and the rationality of some fragmented farms noted. The process of land consolidation is examined, including a discussion of the empirical and theoretical results of consolidation programmes. 'Problem areas' of consolidation activities are then identified and this sets the scene for the presentation of a number of methodological approaches for the evaluation of land consolidation in Cyprus. Four different methods --- cartographic, behavioural, economic and social --- are outlined and a number of significant variables highlighted. The study area of Cyprus is then introduced, with particular attention focused on fragmentation data drawn from the 1946 and 1977 Agricultural Censuses. The main attempt to deal with fragmentation in Cyprus was the Land Consolidation Law of 1969. The objectives of the law are set out and the procedures for carrying out consolidation described. Some of the immediate changes brought about by consolidation are presented, based on official documentation. A more detailed evaluative study of the impact of consolidation for the five villages involved in the first phase of the consolidation programme was carried out using a questionnaire survey of 200 holders. Land-use surveys were also made of the consolidated village areas. The results suggest that land consolidation has done much to change the economic and social life of the affected communities although there were evident differences in the relative level of changes both within and between the five project villages. Difficulties with the Cypriot consolidation process are also identified, especially the refragmentation of consolidated land which threatens the viability of the whole programme. Finally, it pointed out that the general success of consolidation activities in Cyprus may act as a 'model' for other developing countries in the Mediterranean attempting to improve and modernize their land-holding structures.

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This thesis concentrates on the subject of destination marketing with a specific focus on the process of developing strategiesthrough a Destination Marketing Organisation (DMO) for a peripheral area, illustrated by a case study from the Danish island of Bornholm. It investigates the theoretical foundations for destination marketing, concluding that there should be a shift in focus from general marketing theory to a broader application of organisational theories and associated fields, enabling the DMO to improve performance. The specific conditions for and structures of peripheral areas indicated that the process in these areas should be adapted to the circumstances generally experienced there. Specifically the predominant occurrence of life-style businesses in peripheral areas, either as micro- businessesor SMEs, which are planning on a short-term basis, need to be included in the strategic planning process by viewing them as `cooperative customers'. Thus, applying the principles of marketing to the development of the strategy itself and viewing the strategic plan as a `product' of the DMO. The theoretical analysis showed that DMOs cannot control all of the components of the marketing mix, but they can cooperate with the providers of the destination mix and incite `coopetition' for the benefit of the visitors. The case study portrayed the DMO at a mature cold-water resort in a European peripheral area; it also illustrated the general development of tourism to the island and the impact of this development on the organisational structure of the tourism industry. It is assumed that the findings are transferable to other destinations that operate under similar conditions.

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No description available.

No description available.

The United Nations Research Institute of Social Development (UNIRSD) published a monograph after their workshop in Geneva 1994 on the development of Cambodia. Among the various issues the workshop revealed the pressing need for research regarding the post-conflict economic strategy, the socio-psychological effects of the war, appropriate forms of foreign aid and delivery mechanisms, and the roles and responsibilities of different types of local, national and international institutions involved in processes of rehabilitation and reconstruction. In response to this fundamental quest for knowledge, this study is designed to investigate the development of tourism in the war-tom Cambodian economy in the mist of poverty and social problems. International intervention and assistance, the role of government and the Third Sector!, and community participation are key embedded units for the study. The thesis also intended to examine the appropriateness of the approaches employed by the government and international aid in promoting tourism. Although this thesis focused on Cambodia, findings and discussions are highly relevant to other less developed countries (LDCs), especially those having a background of war and/or civil turmoil. The thesis also addresses questions related to tourism as a development agent for economic growth, social rehabilitation and political development. For example: • How can tourism serve to reactivate processes of economic growth and social development without seriously affecting the allocation of resources and current structure of the economy? • How can tourism development be activated given the contextual limitations? • Why should government intervene in the development process and how does one ensure the results will be accomplished with minimal disturbance to the social system? • What kind of new social problem(s) and/or distortions in the economy, if any, have been induced by tourism and/or the liberalization of the economy? The delimitation of the study to tourism is for practical reasons. On the one hand, it is impossible to investigate the situation in Cambodia and make meaningful recommendations without refining the scope of study. Tourism, on the other hand, is the world's largest single industry and one on which many countries have pinned their hopes. It is renowned for its ability to generate income, to attract foreign investment, to create employment and as some including the World Tourism Organization and the Pope John Paul II even argue for its capability to promote peace2. This thesis developed a tourism system model by theoretical induction making use of Cambodia as the subject of study. The ultimate vision of the study is to enhance the body of knowledge and thus to capitalize tourism as a development agent for the rehabilitation of a war-tom economy and social institutions to fight both poverty and marginalization. The findings of the study revealed the most current situation in Cambodia by applying the model of the tourism system and the model for tourism development proposed. The proposition that free-market capitalism might not work for less developed countries was tested and proved to be valid. This thesis revealed the barriers and potential of tourism as a development agent for LDC by using Cambodia as the subject for investigation. Specific recommendations were given. Although it might seem controversial given the difficulties as illustrated in the analysis, Cambodia has very limited option for development. The thesis also argued that many obstacles in the development are administrative. Once the problems were addressed, a significant increase in demand can be expected. This study attempts to provide answers to developmental questions. However, more questions and gaps in knowledge emerged in the process of the study. This study, as originally designed, is not an end in itself but a stepping-stone to further studies. To conclude, allow me to cite the words of Joan Healy, Overseas Service Bureau Australia, "to understand the meaning of this time we do well to see it through the experiences and aspirations of ordinary Cambodians. Then our questions change. We ask about ways they see to ease suffering and contribute to peace. We face the fact that we do not know so many answers.

This thesis aims to address the research gap of understanding the relationship between "creativity" and "job-related motivators" in Hong Kong Chinese hotel employees. The Psychometric approach to measure creativity was adopted, and specifically Byrd's model (1971) was used as the instrument to measure creativity. Risk taking and Creativity are the two factors in Byrd's model. Kovach's (1980) ten job-related motivators were adopted as the measurement of work, which includes both intrinsic motivators and extrinsic motivators. Moos' (1986) Work Environment Scale was adopted as the instrument to measure organisational climate. This instrument has three dimensions, the relationship dimension, the personal growth dimension, and the system maintenance and change dimension. The sample consists of 983 hotel employees, and the data were gathered using the questionnaire method. The data analysis proves that there is a relationship between creativity and job-related motivators (r = 0.311) with a high significance level at 0.000. However, there is no significant difference found for this relationship in the eight different organisational climates, High vs. Low organisational climate and various innovative indexes. Two demographic variables, i. e. "Education level (r = 0.469) and "Level of Job" (r = 0.444) were found to exert a significant difference over the relationship between creativity and job-related motivators. The study also discovered there is a relationship between creativity and organisational climate (r = 0.339) with high significance level. Similarly, no significant difference existed in the eight sub-sample organisational climates. A number of 2 way MANOVA tests were conducted and significant differences were found which justified further ANOVA and post hoc tests. In each dimension (creativity, job-related motivators, organisational climate), several interaction effects were found in various demographic factors. The author developed a See-Saw model to explain the relationship between creativity and job-related motivators. Like the see-saw in every child's playground, both sides (creativity and job-related motivators) of the rod of the see-saw can be independent variables, and they can both exert a force on each other. Risk-taking was found to be placed on the far left side, while Intrinsic Motivators was found to be placed on the far right side. The author recommends six C's for motivating creativity in the hotel industry in Hong Kong. They are: 1. ) Creating a macro culture by education, 2. ) Commitment from top management, 3. ) Congratulating success by reward and recognition, 4. ) Courage - risk taking, 5. ) Change - willing to accept new things and 6. ) Communication - exchanges of opinions for incubating creative ideas. To conclude, this research satisfies both etic (universal) and emit (cultural specific) objectives. The etic approach proved that creativity is found in Chinese culture, and there is a relationship between creativity and job-related motivators. However, there was no significant difference by different organisational climates in the Hong Kong Chinese culture (emit approach). National Chinese culture may have a more influential impact over this relationship.

This study addressed the issue of residents' perception of tourism in two Small Island developing states and sought to compare resident's support for tourism between a mature destination and a less developed destination. This was achieved using a linear model, based on previous work by Jurowski et al (1997). Another objective was to compare the findings with those of a previous study conducted in 1990. Employing ethnographic techniques, the research was carried out on the two peripheral communities of Speightstown and Charlotteville in the Caribbean islands of Barbados and Tobago, respectively. The first stage involved a pilot study which consisted of two focus group meetings. The outcome of these sessions provided useful information for refining the draft questionnaire, which underwent further refinement after piloting on the streets. The second stage was the main survey of 420 residents conducted over 8 weeks using the questionnaire as an interview schedule. The findings suggest that there is widespread support for tourism development in both communities despite their varying levels of tourism sophistication and residents' perceptions of negative consequences of tourism. This apparent paradox was explained by Social Exchange Theory. Key variables which influence support for tourism were found to be personal and community benefits, socio-environmental impacts and community attachment. A proposed Caribbean Tourism Support Model was found to be more applicable in the Barbados context and this may suggest that several other factors influence tourism support in emerging destinations such as Tobago. This study makes a useful contribution to the body of knowledge on hosts' perceptions of tourism as it builds on previous research conducted in other countries while it provides empirical evidence of the applicability of established theories reported in the subject literature. Further, its significance is also derived not only from its use of consistent methodologies in each of the two study areas, but also in the fact that both surveys were conducted within the same timeframe. In this light, it may be considered pioneering research. Nonetheless, this study remains exploratory in nature indicating that further research is necessary in developing a deterministic model of support for tourism development in a contemporary Caribbean context.